Deaniel-Defoe-and-Jonathan-Swift

DanielDefoeFiveFactstobeRemembered◆Defoewasajack-at-all-trades,whodevelopedhisinterestslargelywiththeworkingclasses.◆HewasaradicalNon-conformist(非国教)inreligion,andwasintendedbyhisfatherfortheindependentministry.◆Defoewasajournalistandpamphleteer.Begoodatmaking“goodstory”◆Defoeknewprisonlife.◆Attheageofnearly60,heturnedtofictionandwrotethegreatworkbywhichheisbestremembered.RobinsonCrusoeearnedhimgoodreputationandfortuneaswell.DanielDefoe(c.1659–24April1731)wasanEnglishwriter,journalist,andpamphleteer,whogainedenduringfameforhisnovelRobinsonCrusoe.Defoeisnotableforbeingoneoftheearliestproponentsofthenovel,ashehelpedtopopularizetheforminBritain,andisevenreferredtobysomeasamongthefoundersoftheEnglishnovel.DanielDefoe(c.1659–24April1731)Aprolificandversatilewriter,hewrotemorethan500books,pamphlets,andjournalsonvarioustopics(includingpolitics,crime,religion,marriage,psychologyandthesupernatural).Hewasalsoapioneerofeconomicjournalism.DanielDefoeinthepilloryII.Defoe’sNovels1.RobinsonCrusoe,1719《鲁滨逊漂流记》2.CaptainSingleton,1720《辛格顿船长》,anovelofadventure.3.MollFlanders,1722《莫尔·弗兰德斯》iswrittenintheformofautobiography.4.ColonelJacque,1722《杰克上校》,anovelofadventure.III.NovelsThenovelisthebooklengthstoryinproseabouteitherimaginaryorhistoricalcharacter.Generallyspeaking,novelsdescribecharactersandincidentsastheyactuallyareinreallife.Alargenumberofmodernnovelsdescribesocialandeconomicconditionsindetailandshowhowtheseconditionsdeterminethefateofthecharacters.Novelistsofthiskind,whoreflectlifeasitis,belongtotheschoolofrealism.Realisticnoveliststellthereaderabouttheordinarypeople,abouttheirthoughts;feelingsandstruggles.Insteadofthelifeofkingsandfeudallords,thewholelifeinitsordinaryaspectsofthemiddleclassbecameamajorsourceofinterestinEnglishliteraturein18thcentury.BookonAlexanderSelkirkTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoeofYork,Mariner:WholivedEightandTwentyYears,allaloneinanun-inhabitedIslandonthecoastofAmerica,neartheMouthoftheGreatRiverofOroonoque;HavingbeencastonShorebyShipwreck,where-inalltheMenperishedbuthimself.WithAnAccounthowhewasatlastasstrangelydeliver'dbyPyrates.WrittenbyHimself,orsimplyRobinsonCrusoe,isanovelbyDanielDefoe.IV．RobinsonCrusoeRobinsonCrusoeFirstpublishedin1719,itissometimesconsideredtobethefirstnovelinEnglish.Thebookisafictionalautobiographyofthetitlecharacter—acastawaywhospends28yearsonaremotetropicalislandnearVenezuela,encounteringNativeAmericans,captives,andmutineersbeforebeingrescued.ThestorywasbasedupontheexperiencesofaScotchsailorcalledAlexanderSelkirk,whohadbeenmaroonedonadesertislandoffthecoastofChileandlivedthereinsolitudeforfourorfiveyears.AfterhisreturntoEuropein1709,hisexperiencesbecameknown.Defoegotinspirationfromthisrealstoryandwithmanyincidentsofhisownimagination,hesuccessfullyproducedthefamousnovelRobinsonCrusoe.RobinsonCrusoeThestoryistoldinthefirstpersonsingularasifitwastoldbysomesailor-adventurerhimself.Inthisnovel,Defoecreatedtheimageofatrueempire-builder,acolonizerandaforeigntrader,whohasthecourageandwilltofacehardships,andwhohasdeterminationtopreservehimselfandimprovehislivelihoodbystrugglingagainstnature.RobinsonCrusoeCrusoerepresentstheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlierstageofitsdevelopment.1.Heismostpracticalandexact,alwaysreligiousandatthesametimemindfulofhisownprofit.2.Robinson’severyvoyageisconnectedwithsomecommercialenterprise.3.Heownedaplantationwherecoloredslavesareexploited.4.ThoughRobinsonlaborsforhisownexistence,yetassoonasanativeappeared,heassumestheroleofmaster.Here,liescolonizationingerm.5.Beingabourgeoiswriter,DefoeglorifiestheheroanddefendsthepolicyofcolonialismofBritishgovernment.RobinsonCrusoeV．FeaturesofDefoe'sNovelsA.Defoeisrememberedchieflyforhisnovels.Thecentralideaofhisnovelsisthatmanisgoodandnoblebynaturebutmaysuccumbtoanevilsocialenvironment.Thewriterwantstomakeitclearthatsocietyisthesourceofvariouscrimesandvices.V．FeaturesofDefoe'sNovelsB.Defoe’sintentionisthatthereadersshouldregardhisnovelsasrealstories.Forthatreason,hedeliberatelyavoidsallartandfinewriting,sothatthereadershouldconcentrateonlyonaseriesofplausibleevents.Defoe'snovelsalltaketheformofmemoirsorpretendedhistoricalnarratives,everythinginthemgivestheimpressionofreality.III.Artisticfeatures◆Defoehadagiftfororganizingminutedetailsinsuchavividwaythathisstoriescouldbebothcredibleandfascinating.◆Hissentencesaresometimesshort,crispandplain,andsometimeslongandrambling,whichleaveonthereaderanimpressionofcasualnarration.◆Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage:itiscommonEnglishatitsbest.PictorialmapofCrusoe'sisland,akaIslandofDespair,showingincidentsfromthebookCrusoestandingoverFridayafterhefreeshimfromthecannibals.VI．Literaryterms1.LegendAsongornarrativehandeddownfromthepast.Legendsdifferfrommythsonthebasisoftheelementsofhistoricaltruththeycontain.E.g.wesayArthurianlegendbecausethereissomehistoricalevidenceofArthur’sexperience.2.ClassicismAsacriticalterm,abodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflect