Design-and-Installation-of-Marine-Pipelines

DesignandInstallationofMarinePipelinesMikaelW.Braestrup(Editor)JanBohlAndersenLarsWahlAndersenMadsBryndumCurtJohnChristensenNiels-JørgenRishøjNielsenBlackwellScienceDAIA012/12/04,10:36AM1©2005byBlackwellScienceLtd,aBlackwellPublishingcompanyEditorialoffices:BlackwellScienceLtd,9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UKTel:[phone]BlackwellPublishingProfessional,2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USATel:[phone]BlackwellScienceAsiaPtyLtd,550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,AustraliaTel:[phone]TherightoftheAuthortobeidentifiedastheAuthorofthisWorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.Firstpublished2005LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataDesignandinstallationofmarinepipelines/M.W.Braestrup...[etal.].–1sted.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-632-05984-2(hardback:alk.paper)1.Underwaterpipelines.I.Bræstrup,MikaelW.II.Title.TJ930.D3782005621.8’672’09162—dc222004017651ISBN-10:0-632-05984-2ISBN-13:978-0632-05984-3AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrarySetin10/13ptTimesNewRomanbyGraphicraftLimited,HongKongPrintedandboundinIndiabyGopsonsPapersLtd,NoidaThepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards.ForfurtherinformationonBlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite::36AM2PrefaceTheconstructionofmarinepipelinesisarelativelynewfieldofengineering,havingdevelopedinthecourseofthelastfivedecades.Yet,withmorethan100000kmofsubsealinesinstalledworldwideitmustberegardedasamaturetechnology,althoughadvancescontinueinextendingthelimitsasregardspipedimensions,pressures,flowregimes,products,installationmethods,waterdepthsandclimaticenvironments.Itisthereforesurprisingthatthereisashortageofbooksthatcovertheentireprocessofmarinepipelinedesignandinstallation,fromprojectplanningthroughtosystemoperation.Marinepipelinesaregenerallydesigned,fabricatedandinstalledinaccordancewithguidelinesissuedbyvariouscertifyingagenciesandregulatorybodies,aswellasnationalandinternationalcodes.Ideally,however,acodeshouldbeafairlyslimvolume,baseduponfunctionalperformancecriteria.Thechoiceofdesignmethodsandconstructionproceduresshouldbelefttotheengineersresponsible,relyingonageneralconsensusofgoodengineeringpractice,backedupbysharedliteratureandeducationexperience.However,thisispreciselythematerialthatisgenerallylackinginthemarinepipelinefield.Theaimofthispublicationisthereforetocomplementtheexistingcodesandrecommendationswithanengineeringbook,servingasaguidetotheprofessionwiththeobjectiveofensuringareasonablestandardofdesignandapplication.Thebookisprimarilyaimedatengineerswhoarefairlynewtothefieldofmarinepipelines,andwantacomprehensiveoverviewofthesubject.Thebookshouldalsoprovidebackgroundreadingtostudentsonspecialisedoffshorecourses,andtoprofessionalsinrelatedfields.Toexperiencedpipelineengineersitwouldconstituteareferenceworktobeconsultedforfactandfigures.Theoriginsoftheworkgobackto1987,whenitwasfeltthattherewasaneedforaDanishnationalcodeformarinepipelines,andacode-draftingworkingpartywasestablished,eventuallycomprisingmostoftheauthorsofthepresentbook,chairedbytheeditor.TheDanishmarinepipelinecodenevermaterialised,buttheworkingpartyidentifiedtheneedexplainedabove,andbegancollatingsupportingdocumentation,whicheventuallyevolvedintothepresenttextbook.TheresultconstitutesasetofcomprehensiveguidelinesforthedesignandxiiDAIA012/12/04,10:37AM12installationofmarinepipelinesystems,buttheauthorstakenoresponsibilityfortheuseoftherecommendationsgiven.TheauthorsacknowledgethevaluablecommentstothedraftmanuscriptofferedbyRobertInglisofJPKenny.Itshouldbestressed,however,thattheresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsrestswiththeauthorsalone.Finally,theauthorswouldliketothankDanskOlieogNaturgasA/S(DONGA/S)forpermissiontousephotographsfromthe1998–99installationoftheSouthArnetoNybro24-inchOffshoreGasPipeline.MikaelW.BraestrupJanBohlAndersenLarsWahlAndersenMadsB.BryndumCurtJ.ChristensenNielsJ.RishøjNielsenPrefacexiiiDAIA012/12/04,10:37AM13AbouttheauthorsEditorMikaelW.Braestrup,MSc,PhDBornin1945,DrBraestrupobtainedhisPhDinstructuralengineeringfromtheTechnicalUniversityofDenmarkin1970.Afterspendingtwoyearsasavolun-teerinchargeoflow-costroadconstructioninPeruhewasengagedinstructuralconcreteresearchandteachinginCopenhagen,Denmark,andCambridge,UK.HejoinedtheconsultingcompanyRAMBOLLin1979,andworkedforfiveyearsonthedesignandconstructionoftheoffshorepipelinesoftheDanishNaturalGasTransmissionSystem.SubsequentlyhehasheadedtheRAMBOLLdepartmentsofMarinePipeli