Functions-of-Language

FunctionsofLanguageJacobson’sview•Sixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:•speaker,addressee,context,•说话者受话者语境•message,code,contact•信息语码接触•在交流系统的六大要素的基础上建立了语言功能的框架：所指功能（传达信息），诗学功能（完全就语言而语言)，感情功能（表达态度、感觉和感情），意动功能（通过命令和请求去说服和影响他人），交感功能（与他人建立交流），和元语言功能（弄清意图、词语和意义）。•语境所指的•说话者信息受话者•情感的诗学的意动的•(如生气的语调)(如诗歌)(如祁使语气与呼格)•接触•交感的•(如“你好,你能听见我吗?”)••语码元语言的Halliday’sview•Ideationalfunction概念功能建构了经验模型和逻辑关系Interpersonalfunction人际功能反映了社会关系•Textualfunction语篇功能创立了语言和语境的关联•Informativefunction(Ideationalfunction)信息功能(概念功能)InstrumentofthoughtExpressionoftherealworld(trueorfalse)•Interpersonalfunction人际功能Establishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety话语中发话人和受话人的相互关系，以及发话人对他所说的或所写的态度•Attachedtotheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguageisitsfunctionoftheexpressionofidentity.•Languagemarksouridentity:•Physicallyintermsofage,sex,andvioceprints;•Psychologicallyintermsoflanguageandpersonality,intelligence;•Geographicallyintermsofaccents,dialects;•Ethnicallyandsociallyofsocialstratification,class,status,role,solidarityanddistance.•Theinterpersonalfunctionissuchabroadcategorythatitisoftendiscussedundervariousothertermsasinthefollowingperformative,emotive,expressiveandphaticfunctionoflanguage.Theyseemtoemphasizedifferentaspectsoftheinterpersonalfunction.•Performativefunction言语行为功能（施为功能）formalandritualizedtochangethesocialstatusofpersons(righttimeandrightperson)Magicalandreligiousoccasion•Emotivefunction(Expressivefunction)感情功能（表达功能）GettingridofournervousenergyMostlyperson’sownfeelings,Sometimesacommunalresponseofagroupofpeople•Phaticcommunion寒喧功能（交感性谈话）NofactualcontentButachannelofcommunicationisopenHelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations•Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Children’splayChanter’schantingVerbalduelingPoetrywriting•Metalingualfunction元语言功能Talkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinkinginfinitelyself-reflexive•WhatisLinguistics?•Linguistics,asthenamesuggest,isthescienceoflanguageandthusisusuallydefinedasthesystematicstudyoflanguageor,adisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatetheoriesastohowlanguageworks.•Itisamajorbranchofhumanitiesandsocialsciencesaswell.MajorBranchesofGeneralLinguistics•Phonetics•Phonology•Morphology•Syntax•Semantics•Pragmatics•Psycholinguistics•Sociolinguistics•AnthropologicalLinguistics•ComputationalLinguistics•Linguisticsinthe20thcentury:•Inthetwentiethcentury,thescientificemphasisgraduallyshiftedformthestudyofspeechsounds(phoneticsandphonology)togrammar(morphologyandsyntax),thentomeaning(semantics)andtexts(discourseanalysis).•Linguistshavealwaysbeenawareofthefactthatinlanguageallaspectsareinvolved,namely,psychology,society,andcognition.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics•Descriptive&prescriptive•描写性&规定性•Synchronic&diachronic•共时研究&历时研究•Langue&parole•语言和言语•Competenceandperformance•语言能力和语言运用•Descriptive:discoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguagecommunityactuallyconformPrescriptive:imposeuponmembersofalanguagecommunityrules,normsofcorrectnessOnPrescriptiveStudy•Thereareobviousadministrativeandeducationadvantages,inthemodernworld,instandardizingtheprincipaldialectthatisemployedwithinaparticularcountryorregion.•(Lyons,1982)•Synchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation(synchronyisafictionbutessential)•DiachroniclinguisticsbySaussureisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistoryLangue&Parole•Langue:•thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker,thelinguists’properobject•Parole:•theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics•Inseparatinglangueandparole,weareseparating(1)whatissocialfromwhatisindividual;(2)whatisessentialfromwhatisaccessoryandmoreorlessaccidental.•Competence:alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrolesPerformance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation•AccordingtoChomsky,thetaskofalinguististodeterminefromthedataofperformancetheunderlyingsystemofrulesthathasbeenmasteredbythelanguageuser.