上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summary)

上海高考英语新题型之概要写作澄衷高级中学孙吉从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summarywriting），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Keypointsofasummary”的要求。一．正确认识概要写作1.Definitionofsummarywriting（概要写作的定义）Bysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.2.Keypointsofasummary（概要写作的要点）Conciseness（简要性）：Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.Length:1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.Completeness（完整性）：Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyouownwordsinacondensedmanner.Accuracy（准确性）：Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.Coherence（连贯性）：Ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objectivity（客观性）：Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.3.Stepstowriteasummary（概要写作的步骤）1）Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.2）Analyzethetext’sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.(onesentence)3）Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.4）Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.5）Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.4.Beginningofasummary（概要写作的开头）Beginyoursummarywith:*Theauthor’sname*Thearticle’sorchapter’sname*Theauthor’sthesisstatement—ageneraloverview(survey)ofthearticle.TheBody:Firstofall,theauthordescribes……Hethenpointsoutthat……Inaddition,theauthortalksabout……Finally,theauthorsuggests……Someotherintroductoryphrases:*(Theauthor)statesin(thisarticle)that…*(Theauthor),in(thisarticle)showsthat…*In(thisarticle),(theauthor)writesthat…*As(theauthor)saysin(thisarticle),…*Themainideaof(theauthor’sarticle)is…*Theauthorbelieves(holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes)that+clause…*Theauthortalksabout(explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson)+n.二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素：when,where,who,what,why,how。在这六个要素中，所占内容比重最大的是what。一般来说，记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示：Whodidwhatby…because…当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含how或why，有时两者选其一即可。下文是课堂训练的一个例子：Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.ItookatriptoabiglakeinIndonesiawithmyfamilytwoyearsago.Itwasreallyahugelakewithbeautifulsceneryallaround.Peoplewereamazedbytheendlessviewinfrontofoureyes.Lateron,unlikeothergirls,Ivolunteeredtogowater-skiingalone.Iputonthelifejacket,gotonthemotorboatimmediatelyandstartedmyengineassoonaspossible.Thelakeseemedbroadandendless.Iwassothrilled(激动)toenjoymytripamongthemountainsandwatersthatIspedmymotorboat.Then,aftersometime,Ifoundmyselfinthemiddleoftheendlesslake.Asuddenfearcamearoundme.Ididn’tknowwhereIwasorevenhowfarIhadgonefromtheshore.Whatwasworse,itbegantorainanditbecameverycoldandfoggy.Irodeeverywherebutcouldn’tfindmywayback.Itwasuselessformetocryorshoutforhelp.IwassoterrifiedthatIbegantothinkaboutallkindsofhorriblethings.Afterfloatingonthewaterhelplesslyandhopelesslyforalongtime,suddenlyIheardsomeonecallingmyname.Soon,abigsteamboatsailedtomeandtheypulledmeuptothedeckandaskedmeifIwashurt.Icouldn’tsayawordbutcriedinmyfather’sarms.材料分析：根据文本内容，这是一篇故事类的记叙文，要求对其进行概要写作。因此，我们先找出记叙文的六要素：When—twoyearsagoWhere—atriptoabiglakeinIndonesiaWho—“I”,thewriterWhat—gotlost;wasfoundWhy—gowater-skiingalone;toothrilledResult—fathercametoherrescue列出了要点之后，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约50词的通顺概要：Thepassagetellsusthewriter’sexperienceofadventure.Oncethewriterwasonatriptoalakewhereshewentwater-skiingalone.Shewassoexcitedandenjoyedherselfthatsoonshegotlost.Fortunately,herfatherfinallycametoherrescue.（44words）三．说明文概要写作要点点拨说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：现象揭示类：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…研究显示类：Thestudyrevealsthat…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…下文是课堂训练的一个例子：Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink（发出恶臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenpu