chapter 4 word formation(2)

Chapter4Word-formationIITeachingfocus:Majormeansofword-formationDerivation(affixation)CompoundingConversionBlendingClippingAcronymyBack-formationWordsfromPropernames1.Notallthewordsthatareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.unclean,unwise,*unexcelled2.Rulesonlyprovideaconstantsetofmodelsfromwhichnewwordsarecreatedfromdaytoday.I.DerivationDerivation(affixation):isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestoroots.Thewordsformedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Eg.DUC-;DUCT-（引导，带来）conduct,introduce,produce,reduce,induce,seduceConductive,conductible,conductance(电导),conductivity(导电性),,conduction,conductor,conduit(导管),semi-conductor,non-conductor,non-conductingroot,prefix,suffix----thethreekeystoenlargeone’svocabularyRoot:thecoremeaningPrefix:minormeaningSuffix:changetheword-class,notthemeaningE.g.conduct,conductivePointstoremember:Bothprefixesandsuffixeshavepolysemityandsynonymity.Polysemity(多义性)de-dehydrate（脱水）---离去，除去devalue（贬值）---向下，降低decentralize（权力分散）---使（某种情况）defunct（已消亡的）---完全的离去，除去使（某种情况）逆转向下，降低完全的synonymity（同义性）否定前缀un-,in-,im-,il-,ir-dis-ClassifyingaffixationTwosubcategories:prefixationandsuffixationPrefixation:Theformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasebutonlymodifyitsmeaning.Suffixation:Theformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.Suffixesgenerallychangetheword-classofthebasebutdonotchangeitsmeaning.However,present-dayEnglishfindsanincreasingnumberofclass-changingprefixes.e.g.asleep(a-+v)encourage(en-+n)unearth(un-+n)1.1.PrefixationPrefixesaregroupedinto10semanticsets,eachconsistingofallthemajorprefixesthathavesimilarmeaningandfunctions.1.1.1.NegativePrefixes否定前缀1.1.2.Reversativeprefixes逆反前缀1.1.3.Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀1.1.4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀1.1.5.Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀1.1.6.Locativeprefixes方位前缀1.1.7.Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀1.1.8.Numberprefixes数字前缀1.1.9.Conversionprefixes转化前缀1.1.10.Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀1.1.1Negativeprefixesun-wise,expected,happynon-essential,smoker,resistancedis-honest,like,believein-audible,justiceil-literate,legitimateir-resistible,responsiblilityim-probable,maturea-political不关心政治的,typical非典型的prefixesmeaningexamplesun-unfriendly,uneasenon-notnonessentialdis-not,theconverseofdisloyal,in-informal,insaneim-immature,immortalil-illegal,illiterateir-irrational,irrelevanta-not,without,oppositetoasexual,amoral1.1.2.Reversativeprefixes:reversingtheactionun-pack,wrap,do,dressde-centralize,forest,codedis-connect,union,colorPrefixmeaningDe-reversingtheaction,deprivingofDis-reversingtheactiondisallowlackingdisinterestedUn-deprivingof,unlock;unseatreleasingfrom,unhorse,unmask1.1.3.Pejorativeprefixesmis-(wrongly)hear,conduct,leadmal-(bad)function,formed,nutritionpseudo-(false)science,democratic,classic1.1.4.Prefixesofdegreeorsizearch(主要的)-enemy,bishopsuper-man,market,naturalout-grow,weighco-exist,author,operateextra-large,stronghyper-hyperactive(过度活跃)macro-economicsmicro-microcomputermini-minibusover-anxious,protectivesub-system,headingsuper-sophisticated,modernsur-charge(装载),passultra(极端的)-conservative,civilizedunder-value,payprefixesmeaningexamplesarch-supremearchenemysuper-morethansupermarketout-surpassingoutnumbersur-oversurtax(附加税)sub-belowsubconsciousmacro-largemicro-verysmallover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-toolittleunderestimatehyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirtco-jointlycohabitextra-veryextra-bright1.1.5.Prefixesoforientationandattitudeanti-social,clockwise,slaverycontra-distinction,factualcounter-act,revolution,argumentpro-democracy,authority(专业权威)Prefixesmeaningexamplescounter-againstcounterattackinoppositiontoanti-against,opposedtoanti-warpro-for,onthesideofpro-Chinesecontra-opposite,contraflow逆流contrastingDifferencebetween“anti-”and“counter-”:anti-attitude;counter-action1.1.6.LocativeprefixesExtra-curricular,territorialFore-arm,headsub-soil,way,contractinter-marry,play,nationalIntra-class,partySuper-structure,scriptTele-communication,printertrans-Atlantic,continental,sexualPrefixesmeaningexamplessub-undersubmarineinter-between,amonginterdisciplinarytrans-across,fromoneplacetoanothertransracialfore-frontforeheadextra-outsideextra-maritalintra-withininterpersonalsuper-abovesuperstructuretele-distanttelescope1.1.7.Prefixesoftimeandorderfore-tell,see,sightpre-school,war,liberationpost-industrial,graduate,warex-professorre-marriage,readPrefixesmeaningexamplesfore-beforeforetaste,forewarnpre-inadvancepremarital,prehistorypost-afterpostelection,postdoctoralex-formerex-president,husbandre-againresell,redial,renew1.1.8.Numberprefixessemi-feudal(半封建)hemi-spheredemi-god(半人半仙)uni-corn,formmono-culture,tonebi-lingual,lateral;di-oxide,lemmamulti-purposePoly-syllabic1.1.9.ConversionprefixesOnly4conversionprefixesPrefixesexamplesa-aglow,awashbe-bedevil,bewitchen-endanger,enmesh