problem-solving1

ReviewGeneral-to-specificstructure:tendtobedescriptiveandexpositoryThisstructurewillproveusefulwhen•producingdatacommentaries•writingintroductionstoresearchpapersUnit3Problem,Process,andSolution•StructureofaProblem-SolutionText•ProceduresandProcesses•FlowofideasinaProcessDescription•IntroducingtheSolution1.StructureofaProblem-SolutionTextSituationProblemSolutionEvaluationassessmentofthemeritsoftheproposedanswerTheproblem-solutionstructureproveuseful•whenwritingcritiques•inintroductions•insomediscussionofprocessdescriptionsArgumentativeandevaluativeMakeitcleartothereaderwhytheproblemisinfactaproblemandhowthesolutionisindeedanappropriatedsolution.1.StructureofaProblem-SolutionText--Task1Thefollowingpassageisorganizedasaproblem-solutiontext.Readandanswerquestions.Task1TheRoleofEnglishinResearchandScholarship(1)Therearemanyclaimsthataclearmajorityoftheworld'sresearchpapersarenowpublishedinEnglish.(2)Forexample,in1983EugeneGarfield,PresidentoftheInstituteforScientificInformation(ISI),claimedthat80%oftheworld'sscientificpapersarewritteninEnglish(Garfield1983).(3)Comparableestimateshavemorerecentlybeenproducedforengineering,medicine,andnonclinicalpsychology.Task1(4)Itisnotclear,however,whethersuchhighpercentagesforEnglishprovideanaccuratepictureoflanguageschosenforpublicationbyresearchersaroundtheworld.(5)Themajordifficultyisbiasinthedatabasesfromwhichthesehighpercentagesaretypicallyderived.(6)Thedatabasesarethoseestablishedbythemajorabstractingandindexingservices,suchastheISIindexesandMedline,whicharepredominantlylocatedintheUnitedStates.(7)Asaresult,theseserviceshavetendedtopreselectpapersthat(a)arewritteninEnglishand(b)originateintheNorthernHemisphere.(8)Forthesetworeasons,itisprobablethatresearchinlanguagesotherthanEnglishissomewhatunderrepresented.(9)Indeed,Najjar(1988)showedthatnoArabiclanguagesciencejournalwasconsistentlycoveredbytheScienceCitationIndexinthemid-1980s.Task1(10)WecanhypothesizefromthepreviousdiscussionthattheroleofEnglishinresearchmaybeconsiderablyinflated.(11)Infact,severalearlysmall-scalestudiesbearthisout:Throgmartin(1980)producedEnglishpercentagesinthe40%rangeforsocialsciences,andVelhoandKrige(1984)showedaclearpreferenceforpublicationinPortugueseamongBrazilianagriculturalresearchers.(12)Acompletebibliographyonschistosomiasis,atropicaldisease,byWarrenandNewhill(1978)revealedanEnglishlanguagepercentageofonly45%.(13)ThesestudieswouldseemtoindicatethatamoreaccuratepercentageforEnglishwouldbearound50%ratherthanaround80%.(14)However,sofarnomajorinternationalstudyexiststocorroboratesuchaconclusion.(15)Untilsuchastudyisundertaken—perhapsbyUNESCO—thetrueglobalpictureoflanguageuseinresearchpublicationwillremainopentodoubtanddisagreement.(16)Untilsuchtime,nonnativespeakersofEnglishwillremainuncertainabouthoweffectivetheirpublicationsareintheirownlanguages.Task1SituationBackgroundinformationaboutclaimsforresearchEnglishProblemReasonsfordoubtingtheaccuracyofthefiguresSolutionAlternativedataleadingtomoreaccuratefiguresEvaluationAssessmentofthemeritsoftheproposedanswerTask1①Aresentences1,4,10,and14thekeysentencesinthepassage?②Intheopeningwordsoftheparagraph,itisnotclearatthistimethathoweverisasignalthataproblemwillbeintroduced.Thetextthengoesontoexplaintheprobleminsomedetail.Theauthor(John)wantstoconvincethereaderthattheproblemisindeedaproblem.Howdoesheaccomplishthis?③List(usingnameandyear)thecitationsusedbytheauthor.Doyouhaveanycriticisms?Referencetotask1②ThereisaproblemwiththedatabasesusedinGarfield’sstudy•Providessupportforthisassertion•Givesaveryconcreteexampleofaseriousweakness—inconsistencyregardingArabic-languagesciencejournals.•Thiswillraisesomedoubtswiththereader,makingitapparentthatthereisproblemReferencetotask1Garfield1983;Throgmartin1980;VelhoandKrige1984;WarrenandNewhill1978.Citationsaretwentyormoreyearsold.Thereferencelistlooksratherdated.LanguageFocus1:MidpositionAdverb“Adverbstendtooccurwithintheverbinformalacademicwriting.”(1)...arenowpublished...(3)...havemorerecentlybeenproduced...(8)...issomewhatunderrepresented...today→…arepublishedtodayinEnglishInsentence3wehaveathree-partverbinthepresentperfectpassive:havebeenproduced.Noticethattheadverbphraseoccursafterhave.ReadthroughthetextagainandfindtheotherfourinstancesofmidpositionadverbLanguageFocus1:MidpositionAdverbFocusingadverbTheseadverbs‘pointto’onepartofclause.Examples:also,just,even,only,mainly,mostly,either,or,,neither,nor.Theycanalsogoinotherplacesinaclause,directlybeforethewordstheymodify.LanguageFocus1:MidpositionAdverbAdverbsofcertainlyExamples:certainly,definitely,clearly,obviously,probably.Auxiliaryverb+adverbThetrainhasobviouslybeendelayed.Itwillprobablyrainthisevening.LanguageFocus1:MidpositionAdverbadverbsofcompletenessExamples:completely,practically,almost,nearly,quite,rather,partly,sortof,kindof,moreorless,hardly,scarcely.Sallycanpracticallyread.Thehouseispartlyready.LanguageFocus1:MidpositionAdverbAdverbsofmannerExamples:angrily,happily,fast,slowly,suddenly,wellbadly,nicely,nosily,quietly,hard,andsoftly.EndpositionHedr