外国文化风俗

国外文化风俗*England*Britain*GreatBritain*TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland*BritishIsles●TheUnitedKingdomisthatpartoftheBritishIslesruledoverbytheQueen.ItconsistsofScotland,WalesandEngland(i.e.thewholeofBritain),andalsoaboutone-sixthofIreland,theNorthernpart.TherestofIrelandisself-governingThedifference?●TheBritishIslesconsistsoftwolargeislands:oneiscalledIrelandandtheotherBritain,andalso5,000smallislands●Britain,orGreatBritain,isthelargerofthesetwoislands,anditisdividedintothreeparts:Scotland,WalesandEngland.●Englandisthelargest,mostpopulous,therichestsection.MadeupfromtheflagsofEngland(theCrossofSaintGeorge),Scotland(theCrossofSaintAndrew)andIreland(theCrossofSaintPatrick).St.GeorgeSt.AndrewSt.PatrickHowtheUnionFlagcameintobeing?(1606)(1801)TheWelshDragonWalesalsohasitsownflag,butitisnotrepresentedinUnionJack.ThisisbecausewhenthefirstUnionFlagwascreatedin1606,thePrincipalityofWalesbythattimewasalreadyunitedwithEnglandandwasnolongeraseparateprincipality.BritishfamilylifeLoveaffairsindifferentperiods•Under16•Between16and18•After18•Gentleman•Senseoftime•Occupation•Senseofpropriety•Senseoftradition•Visitandgift•taboosGentlemanBecauseofitsearliereconomydevelopment,intheeyesofmostaliens,theBritisharekindofarrogantandhardtodealwith.However,infact,it’snotreally,theBritisharegoodatmutualunderstanding,andtheyareconsideratetoo.Nomatterwhattheydo,theyusuallymakeeffortsnottoleavebadimpressiononothers.InUK,gentlemancanbefoundeverywhere.Theyknowwellhowtocreateacoordinatedatmosphereforotherstohaveaharmoniousandpleasantlife.TheBritishareverycourteousandpolite,theylovetouse“Thankyou”and“please”.SowhenyoutalktoBritish,whethertheyareattendantsordrivers,pleasebepolite.Ifyouwanttoaskthemforhelp,pleasespeakinamildtone,nevermakeothersfeelatoneofcommand,otherwise,you’llgetnothing.SenseofTime:TheBritishhaveagreatstrongsenseoftime.MakinganappointmentisverynecessarywhenyouwanttopayavisittosomeoneordobusinesswithacertainBritish.Ofcourse,youmustbepunctual,ifpossible,you’dbetterarriveseveralminutesearlierinadvance.TheBritisharealwayskeepingtimeandpromise.Occupation:TheBritishhaveastrongsenseofoccupation.Onbusiness,theBritishthinkhighlyoffriendship.Senseofpropriety:掌握分寸是一种受珍视的理念，对英国人来说意义非同一般。英国人对这一理念的尊重反映在他们对“太过分”的人共有的厌恶之情。主要表现在：情绪的过分显露、喝得烂醉或讲下流笑话及对此哄笑。英国人不喜欢当中吵闹，吵吵闹闹、小题大做是失礼的。对英国人来说，不管在哪儿，几乎对一切都表现出一种懒洋洋的无所谓的态度才算是举止得当，尽管有的人内心可能很愤怒。即使在爱情方面，也只能关起门来表露感情，否则就有伤大雅了。即使关着门，也还要有分寸。Senseoftradition:英国式非常怀旧的民族，几乎视传统和习俗高于一切。对于英国人来说，传统代表延续，必须不惜一切代价去保护。一般家庭喜爱以前几代传下来的的旧家具、旧摆设、旧钟表而炫耀于人。首都伦敦有许多“百年老店”，而且越是注明的商店，越对原有的式样或布置保持得越完整。TOWERBRIDGEHOUSEOFPARLIMENTDOUBLEDECKERBUSLONDONEYEBUCKINGHAMPALACEQUEENELIZABETHIILONDONTAXILONDONTAXISAVILEROWAPPLESTOREINNEWYORKAPPLESTOREINLONDONTHESHARDTHESHARDCANARYWHARFCANARYWHARFCANARYWHARFCANARYWHARFSQUAREMILELONDONALFREDDUNHILLALEXANDERMCQUEENPAULSMITHVIVIENNEWESTWOODFRENCHCONNECTIONUNITEDKINGDOMTOPSHOPMARKSANDSPENCERLEECOOPERFREDPERRYVisitandgift:若请你到人家里作客，需要注意，如果是一种社交场合，不是公事，早到是不礼貌的，女主人要为你做准备，你去早了，她还没有准备好，会使她难堪。最好是晚到10分钟。去英国人家里作客，最好带点价值较低的礼品，因为花费不多就不会有行贿之嫌。礼品一般有：高级巧克力、名酒、鲜花，特别是我国具有民族特色的民间工艺美术品，他们格外欣赏。而对客人公司标记的纪念品不敢兴趣。在英国，服饰和香皂之类的物品未免太涉及个人私生活，故一般不用来送人。禁忌1.菊花在任何欧洲国家都只用于万圣节或葬礼，一般不宜送人。白色的百合花在英国象征死亡，也不宜送人。2.“英国”的表达还是遵循传统的习惯，宜避免老用“English”一字来表示“英国的”。3.英国人忌谈个人私事、家事、婚丧、年龄、职业、收入、宗教问题。4.由于宗教原因，他们非常忌讳“13”这个数字，认为其不详。用餐时不准13人同桌，如果13又是星期五的话，则认为这是双倍的不详。5.不能手背朝外，用手指表示“二”，这种“V”形手势是蔑视别人的一种敌意做法。EducationalSystem1.PrimaryEducation(5-11)2.SecondaryEducation(11-16)3.FurtherEducation(16-18)4.HigherEducation(18-)•Implementtwo-tierschoolsystemintheUK:publicschoolsprovidefreeeducation;privateschoolsgenerallypayschoolfeesbyparents.•ETONCOLLEGE•WELLINGTONCOLLEGEHigherEducation•Atotalnumberof170highereducationinstitutions:1.Universities2.Universitysectorcolleges3.Teacher-trainingcollegesUniversities•Legallyindependentandenjoycompleteacademicfreedom.•Councilschancellorvicechancellor•ThereisnonationalentranceexaminationofanysortinBritain.(grades,schoolreference,aninterview)•Nowtherearemorethan100universities.Degrees•InBritishuniversitiesandcolleges,studentsusuallyspend3yearsoffull-timestudyingforthefirstdegree,BAorBSC.•Iftheywanttoobtainamasterdegreeinart(MA)orinscience(MSC),theywillneedanotheroneyearoffull-timeortwoyearspart-timestudy.•Toobtainadoctoraldegreerequiresfrom3to5yearsofstudyandresearch.TopBritishUniversities•CambridgeUniversity剑桥大学•OxfordUniversity牛津大学•LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience伦敦政治经济学院•LondonUniversity伦敦大学•YorkUniversity约克大学•ImperialCollege,LondonUniversity伦敦大学帝国理工学院•NottinghamUniversity诺丁汉大学•WarwickUniversity华威大学•King’sCollege国王学院外国文化习俗之美国InGodWeTrustNationalFlagWetakethestarsfromheaven,theredfromourmothercountry,separatingitbywhitestripes,thusshowingthatwehaveseparatedfromher,andthewhitestripesshallgodowntoposterityrepresentingliberty.--GeorgeWashingtonUncleSam美利坚合众国TheUnitedStatesofAmerica简称美国，本土东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥及墨西哥湾。首都为华盛顿。美国源自于1776年脱离英国统治的北美殖民地。美国庞大的经济、文化、科技、和军事影响力贯穿了整个20世纪。在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战中，美国分别与协约国和同盟国一同获得胜利，并经历数十年的冷战后终于拖垮苏联，成为世界上唯一的超级大国。国歌：星条旗永不落国鸟：白头海雕（秃鹰）国花：玫瑰花所属洲：北美洲国庆日：1776年7月4日政体：总统共和制执政党：民