二语习得Second Language Acquisition

III.SecondLanguageAcquisition1.WhatisSecondLanguageAcquisitionandResearch?2.TheoriesofL2learningLinguisticPerspectivesPsychologicalPerspectives(behaviorism,cognitivepsychology,connectionism,multidimensionalmodel)InteractionistPerspectiveSocioculturalPerspectives3.LearnerLanguage语际语4.InstructionandSecondLanguageAcquisitionSecondLanguageAcquisition1.WhatisSecondLanguageAcquisitionandResearch?Secondlanguageacquisitionresearchhasboththeoreticalandpracticalimportance.Theoreticalimportance:relatedtoourunderstandingofhowlanguageisrepresentedinthemindandwhetherthereisadifferencebetweenthewaylanguageisacquiredandprocessedandthewayotherkindsofinformationareacquiredandprocessed.74SecondLanguageAcquisitionPracticalimportance:arisesfromtheassumptionthatanunderstandingofhowlanguagearelearnedwillleadtomoreeffectiveteachingpractice.Inabroadercontext,aknowledgeofsecondlanguageacquisitionmayhelpeducationalpolicymakerssetmorerealisticgoalsforprogramsforbothforeignlanguagecoursesandthelearningofthemajoritylanguagebyminoritylanguagechildrenandadults.75SecondLanguageAcquisition1.TheGrammar-TranslationMethod(structuralism)2.TheAudio-LingualMethod(听说法)(structuralism,behaviorisms-r)3.CommunicativeLanguageTeaching（交际法语言教学）(cognitivescience,linguisticcompetent,communicativecompetent)4.Content-based,Task-basedApproaches（学科性方法）(任务性方法)(cognitivescience,functionalviewoflanguage,comprehensibleinput,output,motivation…)75+1SecondLanguageAcquisitionGass'sframeworkforinvestigatingL2acquisitionexplicitknowledgeL2noticedcomprehendedintakeimplicitL2InputinputinputknowledgeoutputSecondLanguageAcquisitionNoticingInorderforsomefeatureoflanguagetobeacquired,itisnotenoughforthelearnertobeexposedtoitthroughcomprehensibleinput.Thelearnermustactuallynoticewhatitisinthatinputthatmakesthemeaning.Thisideahasraisedaconsiderableamountofinterestinthecontextofinstructedsecondlanguagelearning.86xxp15SecondLanguageAcquisitionNoticingisofconsiderabletheoreticalimportancebecauseitaccountsforwhichfeaturesintheinputareattendedtoandsobecomeintake.Fornoticedinputtobecomeintake,learnershavetocarryoutacomparisonofwhattheyhaveobservedintheinputandwhattheythemselvesaretypicallyproducingonthebasisoftheircurrentinterlanguagesystem.Thisisaconsciousprocess,referredtoas‘noticingthegap’.SecondLanguageAcquisitionImplicitlearningiscomingtolearntheunderlyingstructureofacomplexstimulusenvironmentbyaprocesswhichtakesplacenaturally,simplyandwithoutconsciousoperations.Explicitlearningisamoreconsciousoperationwheretheindividualmakesandtestshypotheses.SecondLanguageAcquisitionTherelationshipbetweenexplicitandimplicitknowledge,then,continuestobeakeyissue.Onepossibility,isthatexplicitknowledgefunctionsasafacilitator,helpinglearnerstonoticefeaturesintheinputwhichtheywouldotherwisemissandalsotocomparewhattheynoticewithwhattheyproduce.Inasense,explicitknowledgemaycontributeto‘intakeenhancement’,butitwillonlybeoneofseveralfactorsthatdoesthis.SecondLanguageAcquisition2.TheoriesofL2learningInternalandexternalfactorsinthelearningprocessa.Somelinguistics:Languageacquisitionisbasedonthepresenceofaspecializedmoduleofhumanmindcontaininginnateknowledgeofprinciplescommontoalllanguages.76SecondLanguageAcquisitionb.Incontrast,mostpsychologistshavearguedthatlanguageisprocessedbygeneralcognitivemechanismsthatareresponsibleforawiderangeofhumanlearningandinformationprocessingandrequiresnospecializedmodule.77SecondLanguageAcquisitionA.LinguisticPerspectivesUGgrammarLAD:Chomskyinferredthatchildrenmusthaveaninnatelanguagefaculty.Thisfaculty,originallyreferredtoasthelanguageacquisitiondevice.AndlaterUGwhichwassaidtocontaingeneralprinciplesunderlyingalllanguages.语言习得机制.二十世纪60年代和70年代乔姆斯基及其他学者认为每一个正常的人生来就有一个语言习得机制。语言习得机制包括人类语言本质及结构的基本知识。78SecondLanguageAcquisitionUG普遍语法AccordingtoUGtheoryacquiringalanguagemeansapplyingtheprinciplesofUGgrammartoparticularlanguage,e.g.English,FrenchorGerman,andlearningwhichvalueisappropriateforeachparameter.根据普遍语法理论，习得一种语言意味着将普遍语法的原则应用于某一具体的语言，如英语，法语或德语，并理解哪个值适用于哪个参数。79xxSecondLanguageAcquisitionInthesecondlanguageacquisitiontheinvestigationshavecenteredaroundthe‘resetting’ofparameters.Forexample,JapanesespeakersacquiringEnglishwouldneedto‘reset’theheadparameterfroma‘head-last’toa‘head-first’position.eg.watashiwaNihonjindesu第二语言习得的调查以参数的重新设定为主。例如说日语的人学英语就得重新设定’中心参数’,使之从‘中心词为后’,调整至’中心词为先’。79xxSecondLanguageAcquisitionUGprincipleTheprincipleofstructure-dependency（结构依存关系）whichstatesthatlanguageisorganizedinsuchawaythatitcruciallydependsonthestructuralrelationshipsbetweenelementsinasentence(suchaswords,morphemes,etc.)Examples:(a)Sheboughtanewcaryesterday.(b)(Myfriend)boughtanewcaryesterday.(c)(ThefriendthatImetinAmericalastyear)boughtanewcaryesterday.(d)(ThefriendIamclosesttoandwhowassosupportivewhenIlostmyjobtwoyearsago)boughtanewcaryesterday.79+SecondLanguageAcquisitionYourcatisfriendly.Isyourcatfriendly?Thecarhitthegirl.Thegirlwashitbythecar.Structure-dependencycanthereforebeputforwardasauniversalprincipleoflanguage:wheneverelementsofthese