定语从句总结

定语从句讲义定语：用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词。HarryPorterisasmartboy.HarryPorterisaboywhohasmagicpower.定语从句定语从句相当于一个形容词，跟在名词或代词后，修饰该名词或代词。被定语从句所修饰的词叫作先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词一、关系词的作用1.连接作用：关系词引导从句，把从句和主句连接起来；2.替代作用：关系词在从句中替代它前面的先行词；3.成分作用：关系词在从句中充当一定的句子成分。二、关系词的分类三、关系代词1.先行词为人，关系代词用who,whom,that,whoseIthankthewomanwho/thathelpedme.(关系代词做主语)Themanwho/that/whomIsawintheofficetoldmetocomeback.(关系代词做宾语，此时关系代词可以省略)☆Iknowthegirlwhosemotherisateacher.(关系代词做定语，可用ofwhom来代替)=Iknowthegirlofwhomthemotherisateacher.=Iknowthegirlthemotherofwhomisateacher.2.先行词为物，关系代词用which,that,whoseDidyouhearabouttheearthquakethat/whichhappenedinSanFranciscolastweek?(关系代词做主语)Themoviethat/whichwesawlastnightwasn’tverygood.(关系代词做宾语，此时关系代词可省略)关系词关系代词关系副词先行词为人先行词为物who在定语从句做主语、宾语、表语whom在定语从句做宾语that在定语从句做主语、宾语whose在定语从句做定语which在定语从句做主语、宾语、表语that在定语从句做主语、宾语、表语whose在定语从句做定语，表物主when先行词为时间名词，在定语从句中做时间状语where先行词为地点名词，在定语从句中做地点状语why先行词为thereason，在定语从句中做原因状语☆I’mworkinginthehousewhosewallsaremadeofglass.(关系代词做定语，表示物主，可用ofwhich代替)=I’mworkinginthehouseofwhichthewallsaremadeofglass.=I’mworkinginthehousethewallsofwhicharemadeofglass.3.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句Theman_________________shewenttothecinemawithisourheadmaster.=Themanwith_______shewenttothecinemaisourheadmaster.Isthisthelibrary______________youborrowedbooksfrom?=Isthisthelibraryfrom________youborrowedbooks?当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词用which/whom,且不能省略。四、关系代词的特殊用法定语从句关系代词只能使用that的情况：1.当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,few,something,anything,everything,nothing,none等时，或是先行词被这些不定代词修饰时：只能用that；Thereisnothingintheworldthatcanfrightenhim.在这个世界上没有什么事能吓到他。2.当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词thefirst,thesecond…,thelast修饰时：Thisisthebestnovel(that)Iknow.ThefirstEnglishfilmthatinterestedmewasGonewiththeWind.3.当先行词被theonly，thevery修饰时：Theonlythingthatmattersistofindourwayhome.4.先行词既有人又有物时：Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthings(that)theyrememberedintheschool.5.当主句是由who或which引导的特殊问句时，为避免重复，定语从句中常用that：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythedoor?Whichisthedictionary(that)youboughtyesterday?6.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用which,另一个用that：Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.7.当先行词在从句中作表语时：Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.定语从句关系代词只能使用which的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中，先行词用来代指前面整句话的意思，只能用whichMoYanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2012,whichmadeoneoftheChinesepeople’slong-helddreamscometrue.莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变为了现实。2.当定语从句中的介词提前时，只用which不用thatIsthisthelibrarywhich/thatyouborrowedbooksfrom?=Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowedbooks?（介词提前）五、关系副词：when先行词为表示时间的名词，且when在定语从句中充当时间状语when=表时间的介词(in,at,during等)+whichwhere先行词为表示地点的名词，且where在定语从句中充当地点状语where=表地点的介词(in,at,on,under等)+whichwhy先行词为thereason,且why在定语从句中充当原因状语why=表原因的介词（for）+which例句：1.I’llneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.==I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichImetyou.(先行词为theday,when代指theday引导定语从句，在定语从句中做时间状语，指“Imetyou”的时间)2.Thebuildingwherehelivesisveryold.=Thebuildinginwhichhelivesisveryold.(先行词是thebuilding,where代指thebuilding引导定语从句，在定语从句中做地点状语，指“helives”的地点)3.Iknowthereasonwhyhewaslatethismorning.=Iknowthereasonforwhichhewaslatethismorning.(先行词是thereason,why代指thereason引导定语从句，在定语从句中原因状语，指“hewaslatethismorning”的原因)六、where的抽象化用法：高考中对where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为“明显的地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可以用关系副词where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他们已经到了必须分开的地步。IcanthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.我可以想到很多这样的情形：学生显然知道很多英语单词和词组，但写不出一篇好文章。He’sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwhereheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.他让自己进入了一个他可能无法控制的危险情景之中。七、关系代词和关系副词的选择与区别：1.首先分清主句和定语从句；2.确定定语从句的先行词；3.把先行词带到定语从句中，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语、宾语、定语、状语）4.若先行词在从句中做主语、宾语、定语则选择关系代词，若在从句中做状语，则选择关系副词。练习：Iwillneverforgettheday_____________IspentinHongkong.Iwillneverforgettheday_______________Hongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.Thereason_____________hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.Thereason______________hedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.Thisisthepark_____________Ioncewroteabouttoyou.Thisisthepark_______________Iusedtospendmyweekend.八、限制性定语从句vs非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句：对先行词起限定作用，去掉后主句意义就变得不明确，它与主句之间没有逗号分隔。例如：Thisisashopthatsellspersonalcomputers.非限制性定语从句：与主句之间的关系相对松散一些，它对先行词起补充说明作用，去掉后不影响主句意义。这类从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。例如：WeareallproudoftheGreatWall,whichisoneoftheman-madewondersoftheworld.九、as引导的定语从句as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在定语从句中做主语、宾语、表语。1.as引导限制性定语从句：当先行词有thesame,such,as,so修饰时，要用as代替引导定语从句，而不用who，whom,which,that：I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.我想要和你们在学校使用的一样的书。HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.他不是我预期的那种人2.such...as...引导的定语从句与such...that...引导的状语从句区别Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.从句中缺少宾语，为定语从句。Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.从句不缺少成分，为状语从句。3.as引导非限制性定语从句as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面：Asanybodycansee,theelephantislikeasnake.=Theelephant,asanybodycansee,islikeasnake.=Theelephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：asweallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected等。Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.十、先行词是way和time的定语从句1.Theway__________________heexplai