cooperative-principle

CooperativePrinciple(CP)DefinitionContentViolation•Gricenoticedthatindailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.•Abasicunderlyingassumptionwemakewhenwespeaktooneanotheristhatwearetryingtoco-operatewithoneanothertoconstructmeaningfulconversation.•Grice'soriginalwording:Makeyourcontributionsuchasitisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.•格莱斯认为,在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，保证交际的顺利进行,说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。QualityQuantityRelationMannerFourMaxims（数量准则）1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeofexchange).2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.e.gIfyouareassistingmetomendacar.Iexpectyourcontributiontobeneithermorenorlessthanisrequired.If,forexample,ataparticularstageIneedfourscrews（螺丝）,Iexpectyoutohandmefour,ratherthantwoorsix.不多说也不少说（质量准则）1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.e.gIfIneedsugarasaningredientinthecakeyouareassistingmetomake,Idonotexpectyoutohandmesalt.IfIneedaspoon,Idonotexpectatrickspoonmadeofrubber（橡胶）.说真话（关联准则）Berelevant.e.gIexpectapartner'scontributiontobeappropriatetotheimmediateneedsateachstageofthetransaction.IfIammixingingredientsforacake,Idonotexpecttobehandedagoodbook,orevenanovencloth(thoughthismightbeanappropriatecontributionatalaterstage).说话要相关、贴切（方式准则）1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)Avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).简单明了4)Beorderly.井井有条Sub-consciously（潜意识）orevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Humanbeingstrytospeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息，交流才得以顺利进行。ItisinterestingandimportanttonotethatwhileconversationparticipantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCP,theydonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.e.g▪tolie▪doesnotpossessadequateamountofinformation▪doesnotwanttogoonwiththeconversationViolationofQuantitye.g(p88)A:WhenisSusan'sfarewellparty?B:Sometimenextmonth.Implicature（含义，言外之意）:BdoesnotwishtotellAwhenthepartyisgoingtobeheld.ViolationofQualitye.g(p88)A:WouldyouliketojoinusforthepicniconSunday?B:I'mafraidIhavegotaclassonSunday.Implicature:BdoesnotwanttojoinAforthepicniconSunday.ViolationofRelatione.g(p88)A:Howdidthemathexamgotoday,Jonnie?B:Wehadabasketballmatchwiththeotherclassandbeatthem.Implicature:Bdoesnotwishtotalkaboutthemathexam.ViolationofMannere.g1(p88)A:Shallwegetsomethingforkids?B:Yes.ButIveto（反对）I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Implicature:Bdoesnotwantthekidstoknowtheyaretalkingaboutgettingthemsomeice-cream.e.g2Todie----topassaway/togotoanotherworld1)CPisthebasicprincipleofhumanbeings’communication.However,itdoesnotmeanCPwillbefollowedbyeverybodyallthetime.2)WhenCPisviolated,usually,aspecialimplicaturearises.