食品卫生质量管理

119Gravani(1997)650~3,3009,00065~35026%50%12235%~10%420%5abcdefgsanitationsanitas”3ChunkyChunkyBonVivantBonVivant288554(Bauman,1991)(FederalRegister)60shallshouldFoodandDrugAdministrationFDADepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesFDAFDAFDAFDAFDAFDA5FDAFDAFDAn-FDAGMP1969426FDAGMPGMPGMPGMPGMPMarriott1991GMPGMPFederalMeatActPoultryInspectionActEggProductsInspectionActUSDAFoodSafetyandInspectionServiceFSIS)1981USDAUSDAFDAUSDA6EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAFederalWaterPollutionControlActCleanAirActFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideActFIFRAResourceConservationandRecoveryActEPAFIFRAEPANationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystemNPDESEPAEPAEPAFIFRAEPAEPAEPA7EPAResourceConservationandRecoveryActEPAUSDAFDAVoluntarySanitationProgramsHACCPPiusburyNatick1971HACCPHACCPHACCP8USDAGMPEPAHACCPHACCP192345?1Bauman,H.E.1991.Safetyandregulatoryaspects.InFoodproductdevelopment,ed.E.GrafandI.S.Saguy,133.NewYork:VanNostrandReinhold.2Gravani,R.b.1997.Coordinatedapproachtofoodsafetyeducationisneeded.FoodTech51,No.7:160.3Marriott,N.G.etal.1991.Qualityassurancemanualforthefoodindustry.VirginiaCooperativeExtension,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,PublicationNo.458-013.1Collins,W.F.1979.Whyfoodsafety?InSanitationnotebookfortheseafoodindustry,eds.G.J.FlickJr.,etal.Blacksburg,VA:VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity.2Guthrie,R.K.1988.Foodsanitation.3rded.NewYork:VanNostrandReinhold.3Katsuyama,A.M.1980.Principlesoffoodprocessingsanitation.Washington,DC:TheFoodProcessorsInstitute.4NationalRestaurantAssociationEducationalFoundarion.1992.Appliedfoodservicesanitation.4thed.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.IncooperationwiththeEducationFoundationoftheNationalRestaurantAssociation,Chicago.101693AntonvanLeeuwenhoek100LouisPasteurJosephLister()1130~100mlyphaepHpH7.0pH2.0~8.0pH0Aw0.90Aw0.60Aw0.9Aw0.90CO25~8%20%6,000FDA1996a1996FDA1996b()2~3h1/g40~60hAw0.90~0.94Aw0.90Aw0.60pH4.0~4.512()1mcocci——()20~3001/100~1/10DNARNAShapton,1991HIVAIDS8132-12-12-22-12h142-2abcd24h3024h301514~400100145220~453200592%90%85%~90%16AwAwP/P0PP0Aw0.99Aw0.91RHAwRHAw100Aw0.95RH95%Aw0.99Aw0.91Aw0.80pHpHg/LpH-lgHpH7.04.0~4.5pH2.0~8.0pHpH5.2pH5.2pHHEBB178pHAwpHAwpHAwAwAw7018Kramer199210~100822050200ppm25ppm53%~6%Flelix199142-2100,000g1108g15.528h-1~396h191,500,00016,000Snyder(1992)3,000/75042,3006,76066%1107~31072105~101059,00020060%2066121313010621Celum1987Archer198870%19885198781001~4h6082-160%2-2222-12-2,,1~16h,,12~48h()()3~6h()8~12h()1200,6~24h,()1~7()()2~2859~77-152023()2()1~7()30%4~22~31~3O157H7()O157H72~3651~72570833085152-3242-3min10036010512011036115121204(Legionellosispneumophila)1~5%1,000~3,0001~5m400~5001~32~725410620601018101~73~5Busch2,000199242550370~451061.526pHpH5.0~9.050Gravain198730%50%MascolaArcher,19881~100HACCPHACCP12364%Anon(1988)HACCP27TSP8%TSP100.5%Russell1977ArcobacterbutzleriCampylobacter81%C.jejuniHelicobacterpylori95%80%Wesley1997YersiniosisYersiniaenterocolitica60281~31~2O157H7O157H7()70O157H7OH198212Varatoxin1Varatoxin2BuchananDoyle19973~5BuchananDoyle19971~224~48h4~10——50%3~5%15%/Siegler199329O157H7O157H7O157H71996O157H7O157H7O157H7O157H7Doyle19972000Fratamico1993O157H7Zhao1995bO157H73.2%1.6%Kudva1995O157H78~45pH5.5~7.5BuchananDagi1994O157H7pH4.0~4.5O157H7Zhao1995a72O157H7BuchananDoyle1997HACCPHACCPCox19891302345672—42—4AspergillusflavusAspergillusparasiticusPenicilliumcyclopiumPenicilliumexpansanumAspergillusspeciesAspergillusocharaceusPenicilliumviridicatumAspergillusversicolor*31Bullerman1979AspergillusflavusAspergillusparasiticus0.838~12%323Aeromonashydrophila8~12h12h1~5h502h42-1TDTTDTD90%D33DDDDTDTLgD2-3ZD90%TDT2-3DDZZottola1972O157H7Smith19947420kg/cm274Smith/—-X-2-3-2-10123100105110115120125130135140lgD34DDDD1090%100gXX10MEV861~3PruettDunn1994PruettDunn19940.01/m2PruettDunn199435pHpH5.0pH362~203750MPNMPNPetrifilmSPCVRBBaileyCox1987log10SPCPetrifilm0.93PetrifilmSPCPetrifilmE.coliO157H7EdmistonRussell19983814C14C8h/1h0.9670,000551280.50APCE.coliLALLAL371h2.008.00ATP—ATPATP——39ATPATPATP1/200mlAnon19871,500~15,0002.5031224h2~330ATP8090ATP24h40%LeCoque1996/1997ATPATP20ATPATP10,000/2,5000.3040DEFTDEFT24h511251Ab-DEFTO157H7Anon.1997Ab-DEFTAb-DEFTRIBSAnon.19985CFU/cm2RIBS——Anon.19874124hISO-GRIDHGMFSD-3948h-PhebusFung1994ELISAsdipstickHGMF10ml42PhebusFung1994O157H7O157H7O157H7O157O157O157H7AOAC3620h0.1ml--10O157H7O157H71-2AOACAOAC19901-24h1-28~14hIDEXXIDEXXBindIDEXXDNADNA43DNADNARAPDDNA10O157H7/6h(DiagnosticIdentificationKits)1~3CAMPFraser—Anon.1991FraserFraser3024h1mlFraserUFraserFraserUDNA12~24h44MUGMUGAOAC24~48h/24~48hTest-ECKountAssayer-2~10hanappingcup35MUG/mLCFU/mlh9.910621001012h24hMUG45MicroIDMinitek4h24hAPIDNADNADNA2.5~3hDNARNArRNArRNA1000~10000/PCRDNADNA106PCRPhebusFung1994PhebusFung1994PhebusFung199446pH1234567891011121314D1Anon.1987.RapidmethodsformicrobiologicalanalysisofFood.FoodTechnol41,no.7:56.472Anon.1988.AMIdatashowfrankfurtersmostlikelyListeriacarrierinmeat.FoodChemNews30,no.16:37.3Anon.1991.Tubespeedslisteriadetection.FSISFoodSafetyRev1991:15.4Anon.1997.Freshandfast.FoodQuality3,no.24:41-43.5Anon.1998.Newsa