四级长难句

四级长难句1四级长难句第一章：定语从句一、概念汉语定语☞只能前置,英语定语☞既可前置也可后置。两者的不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确表明这种逻辑关系,可将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得注意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。因此,遇到这种结构,一定根据上下文和常识进行判断。译句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等法。二、例题1.Asfarasthethirdfactorisconcerned,thehistoryofscienceshowsmanyinstances/inwhichtheforceofauthorityhasoperatedinsuchamannerastobuildupanexceedinglypowerfulresistancetofurtherinvestigation;insomecasescenturieselapsedbeforethisresistancewaseventuallybrokendown,ashappenedincosmology,forexample.第一层：Asfarasthethirdfactorisconcerned状从1,thehistory主ofscience定shows谓many定instances宾inwhichtheforceofauthorityhasoperatedinsuchamannerastobuildupanexceedinglypowerful定从resistancetofurtherinvestigationinsomecases状centuries主elapsed谓beforethisresistancewaseventuallybrokendown,as状从2happenedincosmology,forexample.第二层：(状从1)Asfaras：引thethirdfactor：主语is：系concerned：表语。(定从)inwhich引theforce主ofauthority定hasoperated谓insuchamannerastobuildupanexceedinglypowerfulre-状sistancetofurtherinvestigation(状从2)before引thisresistance主was系eventually状brokendown,表ashappenedincosmology,forexample定语从句第三层：(定语从句)as引happened谓incosmology,状forexample.插入语要点：本句由两个分句构成,以分号连接。第一个分句的主干为thehistoryofscienceshowsmanyinstances,inwhich引导的定语从句修饰instances,such...as...表结果,后接不定式；在第二个分句中,before引出时间状语从句：beforethisresistancewaseventuallybrokendown;代词as在此是关系代词,引出定语从句：ashappenedincosmology。resistance:抵抗(力)；阻力。cosmology:宇宙论,宇宙哲学译文：至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。四级长难句22.Behavioristssuggest/thatthechild//whoisraisedinanenvironment///wheretherearemanystimuli////whichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.第一层：Behaviorists主suggest谓thatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophis宾语从句orhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.第二层：(宾、语从句)that引thechild主whoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacity定语从句forappropriateresponseswillexperience谓greaterintellectual定development.宾第三层：(定语从句)who引israised谓inanenvironment状wheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponses定语从句第四层：(定语从句)where引there引are系many定stimuli主whichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponses定语从句第五层：(定从)which引develop谓hisorher定capacity宾forappropriate定responses要点：据上下文逻辑可看出,本句suggest的词义不是propose,而是bringanideaintothemind,所以译为…的看法是。who引的定从饰child,据上下文语义关系,翻译成条件句；where引的定从修饰environment,用合译法译出；which引的从句饰stimuli,用分译法翻译。appropriate:适合的,相称的。译文：行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。3.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialism/inwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialism/inwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities__thoseofloveandofreason__aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.要点：本句含有两个定从的主从复合句。主句的谓语suggest可接动名词作宾语。宾语中的transform常用transformsth.from...into...结构中,译为把…从…转变为…。句中两个inwhich分别饰先行词industrialism,译时宜采用前置法。两破折号间的thoseofloveandofreason为potentialities的同位语。译文：我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能--即爱和理智的潜能--为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。4.PresidentKennedywantedpeople/whoraisedquestions,/whocriticized,/onwhosejudgmenthecouldrely,/whopresentedanintelligentpointofview,regardlessoftheirrankorviewpoint.要点：本句中who...,who...,onwhose...,who...四个定语从句并列,共同修饰中心词people。译文：肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。5.InthesoapwarbetweenProctorandGambleandUnilever,tremendoususeismadeofstatisticstomeasurethedynamicdifferenceinmarketresultingfrom四级长难句3theproportionalallocationtoadvertising,whichconstitutessuchalargepartoftheirproductioncostsbeforeselling,sothattheyregardtheirproductioncostsasproductionplusadvertisingcosts.要点：此句结构较复杂,但主句简单,主语use,谓语ismade。主句正常语序tremendoususeofstatisticsismadeto...,tomeasure...作目的状语,resultingfrom...为现在分词短语作difference的后置定语。which引导一个非限制性定语从句,修饰allocationtoadvertising。sothat引导一个结果状语从句。plus为介词,意为加上。soapwar为肥皂广告大战。译文：在ProctorandGamble和Unilever两家企业之间的肥皂大战中,双方就大量使用了统计学知识来测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异,这一项在售前的生产成本中占较大部分,所以他们把生产成本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。6.Smartcards,whichcancarryasmuchas80timesmoreinformationonthemthanconventionalcardswithamagneticstripe,arealreadywidelyusedinEuropeancountrieswherecentralizedbankscanrolloutnewservicesonanationwidebasis.要点：本句为简单复合句。句架为Smartcards,which...,arealreadywidelyusedinEuropeancountrieswhere...。which为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰smartcards；where为关系副词,引导定语从句,修饰countries。nationwide:全国范围内的。rollout:本意为展开(卷起之物),此处为引申义,指展开工作。译文：智能卡载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量的80多倍,已经在欧洲各国广泛使用,因而使欧洲各国中央银行得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。7.Howwellthepredictionwillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitis.定语从句的先行词是chemicalchange,而不是result或matter。译文我们可以说,化学是论述物质化学变化的科学,通过化学变化可能获得新的物质。7.Timegoesfastforonewhohasasenseofbeauty,whenthereareprettychildreninapoolandayoungDianaontheedge,toreceivewithwonderanythingyoucancatch!要点：本句由一个主句(Timegoesfast)、两个定语从句(who...和youcan