新目标大学英语综合教程3综合训练课后阅读翻译

TogetherwiththeNationalLibrariesofScotlandandWales,theBodleianLibraryinOxford,theCambridgeUniversityLibraryandTrinityCollege'slibraryinDublin,theBritishLibraryisnowempoweredtoreceiveacopyofeveryU.K.electronicpublication.Thisisalogicalenoughextensioninthedigitalageofitsancientrighttoreceiveandstoreallbooks,newspapers,magazinesandotherprintedmatter,butitisstillachallengingtask.Thefirstfull-scaleInternet“crawl”waslaunchedfromthelibrary’sWestYorkshirecomputercentershortlyafterthelawtookeffect.Covering4.8millionU.K.sites,ittookthreemonthstocomplete,withanothertwomonthsrequiredtoprocessthe1billioncapturedwebpages.Theexpectationisthatthelibrarywillcollectinasingleyearaboutthesameamountofmaterialasitsnewspaperandperiodicalsarchivehasamassedoverthecourseofthreecenturies(acostlyprogramtodigitizesome40millionofits750millionprintedpagesisnowunderway).ChiefExecutiveRolvKeatingpointsoutthatwhentheinitialcrawlbegan,theprojectrepresentedareassertionofwhatitmeanstobealibraryinthe21stcentury.Tenyearsago,therewasaveryrealdangerofablackholeopeningupandswallowingourdigitalheritage.Keatingsays.Millionsofwebpages,e-publicationsandothernonprintitemswerefallingthroughthecracksofasystemdevisedprimarilytocaptureinkandpaper.'ProfessorNielsBrugger,theheadoftheCenterforInternetStudiesatDenmark’sAarhusUniversity,supportstheBritishLibrary’sarchivingproject.“Moreandmoreofoursocietal,culturalandpoliticalactivesnowtakeplaceeitherontheweborarecloselyrelatedtoit”hesays.“Sincethemid-1990s,yousimplycouldn’tbeauniversity,acompanyorapoliticalpartywithouthavingawebsite.Ifwanttodocumentourpresentorstudyourpastontheweb,getitintoanarchivebeforeitdisappears.”“WheneverI’maskedwhywebarchivingmatters,”hecontinues,“IthinkoftheBobDylanlinefromTheTimesTheyAreChanging—'Thepresentnowwilllaterbepast.‘Materialisdisappearingbeforeoureyesatanunprecedentedrate,andwithitgoesprecioussourcematerialforthefuturehistorianwhowillbetryingtoshedlightonthepresent.Capturingthepastforposteritythroughwebarchivingmattersjustasmuchaspreservingotheraspectsofourculturalheritage,whetherit’skitchenutensils,buildings,warshipsorcollectionsofnewspapers.Studiessuggestthat40percentofwhat'sonitatanygivenmomentisdeletedayearlater,whileanother40percenthasbeenaltered,leavingjust20percentoftheoriginalcontent.”AlmosteverymajornationallibraryinEuropenowundertakeswebarching.Thoughthescaleandcostofsuchoperationsvarywidelyaccordingtotheirindividualremit.TheBritishLibrary’sprojectcostsome$5milliontosetup,themoneycomingentirelyfromitsgrantfromtheDepartmentofCulture,MediaandSport.现在，大英图书馆与苏格兰和威尔士国家图书馆、牛津大学的博德利图书馆、剑桥大学图书馆和都柏林三一学院图书馆一起，有权接收英国所有电子出版物的副本。在数字时代，这是一个合乎逻辑的延伸，因为它拥有接收和储存所有书籍、报纸、杂志和其他印刷品的古老权利，但这仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。该法律生效后不久，图书馆西约克郡计算机中心启动了第一个全面的互联网“爬行”。它覆盖了480万个英国网站，花了3个月的时间才完成，另外两个月需要处理10亿个被捕获的网页。人们预计，该图书馆在一年内收集的资料量，将与它的报纸和期刊档案馆在过去三个世纪积累的资料量相当(一项耗资巨大的计划正在进行，将其7.5亿页印刷资料中的4000万页数字化)。图书馆首席执行官罗尔夫·基廷(RolvKeating)指出，最初的爬行开始时，这个项目代表着对图书馆在21世纪意义的重申。十年前，我们面临着一个非常现实的危险:一个黑洞正在打开，吞噬我们的数字遗产。基廷说。“数以百万计的网页、电子出版物和其他非印刷品从一个主要用于捕捉墨水和纸张的系统的缝隙中滑落。”丹麦奥尔胡斯大学(AarhusUniversity)互联网研究中心(CenterforInternetStudies)主任尼尔斯·布鲁格(NielsBrugger)教授支持大英图书馆的存档项目。他表示:“我们越来越多的社会、文化和政治活动要么发生在网络上，要么与之密切相关。”“自上世纪90年代中期以来，如果没有网站，你就不可能成为一所大学、一家公司或一个政党。”如果你想在网上记录我们的现在或者研究我们的过去，在它消失之前把它归档。“每当有人问我为什么网络档案很重要时，”他继续说，“我就会想起鲍勃•迪伦(BobDylan)在他们正在改变的时代说过的话——‘现在的现在以后会成为过去。’”“材料正以前所未有的速度消失在我们的眼前，对于未来的历史学家来说，这些珍贵的原始材料也将随之消失，而未来的历史学家将试图揭示当下的真相。”通过网络档案为我们的子孙后代捕捉过去，就像保护我们文化遗产的其他方面一样重要，无论是厨房用具、建筑、军舰还是报纸收藏。研究表明，在任何一个特定的时刻，40%的内容会在一年后被删除，而另外40%的内容会被修改，只剩下20%的原始内容。现在欧洲几乎每一个主要的国家图书馆都承担着网络拱架的工作。尽管这些行动的规模和费用因其各自的职责而有很大差别。大英图书馆的这个项目耗资约500万美元，资金全部来自文化、媒体和体育部的拨款。Ifyou'reonFacebook,there'saroughly0.04percentchancethesocialmediagiantusedyouforapsychology-experimentinearly2012,thoughyou'dhavehadnowayofknowingatthetimeandindeedwouldonlybefindingoutabouttheexperimentthisweek.That'swhathappenedwhenresearchersusednearly700,000Facebookusersasguineapigsforastudyon“emotionalcontagion.”Inbrief,thestudyseparateditsusersintotwogroups.Onewassubjectedtoanewsfeedofprimarilypositiveposts;theotherwasfloodedwithemotionallynegativeitems.Theresultssuggestthattheemotionsexpressedbyfriends,viaonlinesocialnetworks,influenceourownmoods,constituting,toourknowledge,thefirstexperimentalevidenceformassive-scaleemotionalcontagionviasocialnetworks,'1theresearcherswriteinapapernowpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofScience.Inotherwords,thestudyconfirmedwhatheavyFacebookusershavelongknowntobetrue:whatyourfriendspostonFacebookcanhaveatangibleimpactonyourownemotionalstate.Facebookhasn’tbeenabletomanipulatethereactionsofuserswhohavelearnedaboutthestudy'sexistence:peoplearevexed.Overtheweekend,observersblastedtheexperimentasscandalousanddisturbing,andaccordingtoTheGuardian,oneBritishMPhasgonesofarastocallforaparliamentaryinvestigationintohowitwascarriedout.AdamKramer,Facebook'sdatascientistandacoauthorofthestudy,tooktohisownFacebookpagetoofferadefense.“ThegoalofallofourresearchatFacebookistolearnhowtoprovideabetterservice,”Kramerwrites.“Havingwrittenanddesignedthisexperimentmyself,Icantellyouthato