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ORGANIZATIONALLIFECYCLES组织的生命周期WHYCOMPANIESGROW&DIE&WHATTODOABOUTIT公司的成长/倒闭以及如何处理LifeCyclesofPeople&Organizations人与组织的生命周期MiddleAge中年Courtship孕育期Infant婴儿期Childhood童年期Maturity成熟期OldAge老年Death死亡Adolescence青春期LifeCyclesofPeople&Organizations人与组织的生命周期Stable稳定期Prime盛年期Adolescence青春期Go-Go学步期Infant婴儿期Courtship孕育期Aristocracy贵族期EarlyBureaucracy官僚化早期Bureaucracy官僚化时期Death死亡PrematureAging未老先衰UnfulfilledEntrepreneur壮志未酬的企业家FounderorFamilyTrap创业者陷阱或家族陷阱InfantMortality企业婴儿夭折Divorce离婚Affair创业空想Growing成长阶段Aging老化阶段THECOURTSHIP孕育期CHARACTERISTICS特征•Organizationisnotbornyet.组织还没有诞生•Characterizedbyexcitement.兴奋特征•Focusonthefuture.关注未来•Leadershipmaybeoverlyoptimistic.领导有可能过于乐观–Maymakepromisesthatmightnotbekeptlater.可能作出以后不能兑现的承诺–Inretrospectmayappearirresponsible.回顾时可能显得不太负责THECOURTSHIP孕育期UNEXPECTEDPATHOLOGICALPROBLEMS始料未及的问题“AFFAIR”事件•Organizationcandiebeforeitisbornifthereisonlywillingnesstothinkupideas,butnoconsiderationofresults.如果只是想出一些想法而不考虑结果,组织在未出现前就可能夭折。•Thebirthofanorganizationisnotaphase.ItisatransitionbetweenCourtshipandInfancyandoccurswhenriskisincurred.Ifnoonewantstotaketherisk,anorganizationisnotborn.组织的产生不是一个阶段,而是从萌芽期向婴儿期的过渡时产生风险而出现的。如果大家都不冒险,组织就不会产生。THEINFANTORGANIZATION婴儿期组织CHARACTERISTICS特征•Birth(emergenceofrisk)requireslargeinfusionsofcashforworkingcapital-resultsarenecessarytocoverrisks.组织的诞生(露出风险)需要大量的流动资金---结果用于抵抗风险。•Allaction-peopleinthefield.全民参与。•Hasfewsystemsorpolicies-employsunsophisticatedmanagementprocesses.没有什么系统和政策,管理过程比较简单。•Hastroublemakingendsmeet.实现目标难度大。•Isvulnerable-everysmallproblemisacrisis.脆弱---每个小问题都是危机。•Managementisbycrisis.出现危机才管理。•Haslittlespace,crowdedfacilities.空间小,设施拥挤。•Isinconsistent,littleplanning.WhatmakesitsurviveistheFounder’scommitment.不一致,少计划。组织的生存与否要看创始人的承诺。THEINFANTORGANIZATION婴儿期组织UNEXPECTEDPATHOLOGICALPROBLEMS–“INFANTMORTALITY”始料未及的问题-婴儿期死亡•Organizationmakesbigerror-withoutabilitytorecover.组织犯下大错-没有能力恢复。•Notabletocontrolcashflow-toomanydemandsontimeandattention.不能控制好现金流,要求太多的时间和注意力。•StaysInfanttoolong-peoplegiveup-toomuchcontinuouspressureonmoneyandtimewithnoshorttermrewardsinsight.婴儿期太长-人们放弃了-金钱和时间上的压力持续不断,且看不见短期回报。•Toomuchtimespentonsystems,buyingcomputersystems,expensiveheadquartersbeforeneeded.在系统上花太多的时间,在需要前就购置电脑系统和昂贵的总部。THEINFANTORGANIZATION婴儿期组织OTHERPROBLEMS-THELONERANGER’STRAP其它问题--单个巡逻员陷井•Ownerworkshard-butnetsverylittle.雇主努力工作,而其他人则不卖力。•Operatingearningsgotopayinginterestondebts.业务收入用于偿还债务利息。•Ownerendsupworkingforbank&suppliers.雇主结果是为银行和供应商做事。•Ownertoobusy-unawareofwhatcompetitionisdoing.雇主太忙,忽略了竞争对手。•Pricesmaybetoolow-achievingsalesattheexpenseofprofits.价格太低---在损害利润的情况下进行廉价销售。•Companywilldiewithownerorgrowundernewmanagement.组织将同雇主一同死亡或者在新的管理层下成长。THEINFANTORGANIZATION婴儿期组织TREATMENT处理•Ownersshouldbecarefulnottogiveawayownershipandcontrol(VultureCapitalists).雇主应小心不要放弃所有权和控制。•Rolling16weekcashflowprojections-monitorweekly.16周现金流预测并进行每周监控。•Monitorturnoverofinventoryandreceivables.监控库存量和可接受的帐目•Avoidhighlystructuredandspecializedorganization-standardoperatingproceduresreduceorganization‘sflexibility&productivityandabilitytosurviveinacompetitiveenvironment.避免组织的高度结构化和专门化,标准的运作程序会减少组织的适应性和生产力,从而减弱组织在竞争环境中的生存能力。•Outsidelegalandfinancialadvice-paidadvisorsbutnotonBoard(Internalvs.ExternalBoardtoavoidovercontrol.Needemotionalsupportandsourcesofcapital).外部的法律和财务建议-外聘顾问而不是董事会成员(通过内部和外部董事间的平衡来避免过分控制。需要情感支持和资金来源)THEINFANTORGANIZATION婴儿期组织TREATMENT处理方法:•Avoidunrealisticcommitments-conserveresources.避免不现实的承诺,保存资源。•Assignmentswhichallowittopredict,analyze&schedulebutwithflexibledeadlines.任务可以预测,分析并且任务的完成期限较有弹性•Avoidhiringmediocrepeople&sharingstockprematurely.避免雇用平庸之辈,不要过早让员工持股。THEGO-GOORGANIZATION学步期组织CHARACTERISTICS特征Spreadsselftoothin-goingaftertoomanyopportunities.发展太单薄,追求太多的机会。•Canrunoutofcashandcredit.可能把现金和信用额度都用完。•Manyopportunities-nopriorities.机会多多但无先后次序。•Createsowncrisis-makesdecisions&commitmentstheyshouldnotmake&involvedinactivitiestheyknowverylittleornothingabout.自设危机,做了不应做的决策和许诺,涉足他们无知或知知甚少的活动。•Isoptimistic-companydoingfine,canattackanything,anytime.非常乐观——认为组织运作良好,能在任何时间做成任何事。•Reportsprogressintermsofgrowthinsales-notprofits.汇报的是销售增长而非利润的增长•Hirestomorrowthoseneededyesterday.明天才雇用了昨天就需要的人(人员不能满足需求)THEGO-GOORGANIZATION学步期组织CHARACTERISTICS特征•Oftena“onepersonshow.”Needstoshiftfrommonarchytoconstitutionalmonarchy(e.g.,Founderacceptscompanypolicies).常常是单人表演。需要从君主统治变到宪法统治(例如:创始人接受公司的政策)。•OrganizationneedstobebornagainasaseparateentityfromtheFounder.组织以独立于创立者的实体再生。THEGO-GOORGANIZATION学步期组织UNEXPECTEDPATHOLOGICALPROBLEMS–意外的病态问题--“THEFOUNDER’STRAP”创始人陷阱•Organizationremainsa“onepersonshow.组织保持“单人表演”。•Noinstitutionalizationofleadership.领导层没有制度化。•Unwillingnesstodeveloporworkwithinsystem.不愿意在体制内发展或工作。•GrowstolimitsofFounder.企业成长受创始人的弱点的限制。•Note:Ifthishappens,theorganizationmaynotdie,butwillnotgrowtoitsfullpotential.注意:如果这样的事情发生了,组织可能不会灭亡但不会得到充分的发展OrganizationwilllikelydiewithFounder,oriffamilyoperated,withinthreegenerations-becomemembersofthe“FlatEarthSociety.”组织可能随创始人而亡,或者,如果是家族企业,则“富不过三代”。THEGO-GOORGANIZATION学步期组织TREATMENT处理•Knowwhatnottodo-setprojectprioritiesandallocateresour
本文标题:组织生命周期
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