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2.Namesofelements(化学元素名称)•IA•Hydrogen•Lithium•Sodium•Potassium•Rubidium(铷)•Cesium(铯)['si:ziəm]•Francium(钫)•IIA•Beryllium(铍)•Magnesium镁•Calcium•Strontium(锶)['strɔntiəm]•Barium(钡)•Radium(镭)•['ri:tiəm]IIIA•Boron硼•['bɔ:rɔn]•Aluminium铝•Gallium(镓)•Indium(铟)•Thallium(铊)['θæliəm]IVA•Carbon•Silicon•Germanium(锗)[dʒə:'meiniəm]•Tin锡•Lead铅•VA•Nitrogen•Phosphorus•Arsenic(砷)['ɑ:sənik]•Antimony(锑)['æntiməni]•Bismuth(铋)['bizməθ]VIA•Oxygen•Sulfur•Selenium(硒)[si'li:niəm•Tellurium(碲)[te'ljʊəriəm•Polonium(钋)[pə'ləuniəm]VIIA•Fluorine•Chlorine•Bromine•Iodine•Astatine(砹)['æstəti:n]0•Helium氦•Neon['ni:ən]•Argon•Krypton(氪)['kriptɔn]•Xenon(氙)['zenɔn]•Radon(氡)•Fe:iron•Cu:copper•Zn:zinc•Hg:mercury•Ag:silver•Au:goldNamesofcommonmetals•Pt:Platinum铂['plætinəm]•Pd:Palladium钯[pə'leidiəm]•Cd:Cadmium镉['kædmiəm]•Mn:manganese锰'mæŋgəni:z]钨元素来自德文:Wtungsten['tʌŋstən](wolfram)十个来自拉丁文(括号内为拉丁文):Nasodium(natrium)Agsilver(argentums)Kpotassium(kalium)Augold(aurum)Feiron(ferrum)Cucopper(cuprum)Sntin(stannum)Hgmercury(hydrargyrum)Pblead(plumbum)Sbantimony(stibium)(锑)3.Mathematicalsymbols(数学术语)+plus,positivesign-minus,subtraction×multiple,times÷over,divideby()roundbrackets/parentheses[]square/angularbrackets{}braces=equals/isequalto≈approximatelyequalto<lessthan>greaterthanX2squaredX3cubedoCcentigrade%percent一.NomenclatureofInorganicCompounds(无机化合物命名法)*命名(Nomenclature)来自拉丁文的nomen(name)和calare(call)1.1NamesofCations(阳离子的命名)1.1.1MonatomicCations(单原子阳离子):元素名称+ionNa+:sodiumionCa2+:calciumionAg+:silverionAl3+:aluminumionCu+copper(I)ion;Cu2+copper(II)ion1.1.2Cationswithdifferentcharges(具有不同电荷的阳离子)Fe+:iron(I)ion;Fe2+:iron(II)ion;Fe3+:iron(III)ion如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子,则使用斯托克数字(Stocknumber)来表示其所带电荷(只形成一种阳离子的不必用).1.1.3Cationsformedfromnonmetalatoms(非金属原子形成的阳离子)以-ium结尾,形成多原子离子,polyatomicionsNH4+:ammoniumion;H3O+hydroniumion1.2.NamesofAnions(阴离子的命名)1.2.1monatomicanions(单原子阴离子):以-ide结尾*少数简单的多原子阴离子也以-ide结尾OH-hydroxideionCN-cyanideionO22peroxideion['saiənaid]H-hydrideion(H:hydrogen)O2oxideion(O:oxygen)nitrideion(N:nitrogen)fluorideion(F:fluorine)N3F-ClBrchlorideion(Cl:chlorine)bromideion(Br:bromine)1.2.2含氧阴离子,又称酸根离子:以-ate(高价)或–ite(低价)结尾a.高(过)*酸根离子:per-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ionb.*酸根离子:非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ionc.亚*酸根离子:非氧元素名称的词干+-ite+iond.次*酸根离子:hypo-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ite+ion(从a到d含氧原子数依次递减)偏*酸根离子:meta-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ion焦*酸根离子:pyro-+非氧元素名称的词干+-ate+ionPO42-(磷酸根)PO3-(偏磷酸根)P2O74-(焦磷酸根)phosphateionmetaphosphateionpyrophosphateionClO4-(高氯酸根)ClO3-(氯酸根)ClO2-(亚氯酸根)ClO-(次氯酸根)perchloratechloratechloriteionhypochloriteionNO3-NO2-CO32-carbonateionSO42SO32(亚硫酸根)nitratenitritesulfitesulfate1.2.3Anionscontaininghydrogen(含氢阴离子,又称酸根离子):hydrogenor(dihydrogen)+去掉氢的离子名称旧的方法:用bi-前缀来表示:HSO4-bisulfateionHCO3bicarbonateionHCO3-hydrogencarbonateionH2PO4-dihydrogenphosphateion2.NomenclatureofAcids(酸的命名)2.1无氧酸(即阴离子以-ide结尾的酸)前缀hydro-+元素名称+后缀-icacidHClhydrochloricacidH2Shydrosulfuricacid2.2含氧酸(oxyacids)前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代3.Nomenclatureofbases(碱的命名)元素名称+hydroxideHClO4perchloricacidHClO3chloricacidHClO2chlorousacidHClOhypochlorousacidH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacid偏磷酸NaOHKOHsodiumhydroxidepotassiumhydroxide如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子,则使用斯托克数字(Stocknumber)来表示其所带电荷Ca(OH)2:Calcium(II)hydroxide4.Nomenclatureofsalts(盐的命名)1.不带“ion”的阳离子名称+不带“ion”的阴离子名称2.阳离子的电荷数用斯托克数字(Stocknumber)来表示(只形成一种阳离子的元素不必用).NaBrAl(NO3)3KClO4sodiumbromidealuminiumnitratepotassiumperchlorateCuCl:copper(I)chloride;CuCl2:copper(II)chlorideCuSO4Cu(ClO4)2copper(II)sulfatecopper(II)perchlorate正盐:根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganateNaFAlCl3CaOsodiumfluoridealuminiumchloridecalciumoxide酸式盐:同正盐的读法,酸根中的H读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。NaHCO3:NaH2PO4:sodiumhydrogencarbonatesodiumdihydrogenphosphate复盐:同正盐的读法,并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。KNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrateAlCl36H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)2·12H2OCuSO4·5H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-watercopper(II)sulfatepentahydrate5.Nomenclatureofbinarymolecularcompounds:(二元分子化合物的命名)表示原子个数时使用前缀:mono-(甲)hexa-(己)di–(乙)hepta-(庚)tri-(丙)octa-(辛)tetra-(丁)nona-(壬)penta-(戊)deca-(癸)*但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。5.1数字前缀:正价元素名称+负价元素名称的词干+-ideCO:carbonmonoxideCO2:carbondioxide;5.2化合物的命名Cl2Odichlorinemonoxide;N2O4dinitrogentetroxide;如:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide:hydroxide分子中各元素原子的个数用希腊数字前缀来表示.SF6P2O5NF3P4S10sulfurhexafluoridediphosphoruspentoxidenitrogentrifluoride;tetraphosphorusdecasulfideH2OwaterCaCO3marble,chalk,limestoneNH3ammoniaCa(OH)2slakedlimeCO2(s)dryiceNaHCO3bakingsodaNaCltablesaltMgSO4·7H2OepsomsaltN2OlaughinggasCaSO4·2H2OgypsumCaOquicklimeNa2CO3·10H2Owashingsoda6.Traditionalnames(俗称):二.NomenclatureofOrganicCompounds(有机化合物命名法)2.1.NomenclatureofHydrocarbons(烃类命名法):NumberPrefix(数字前缀):i).总碳数≤10时(totalCno.≤10):甲:meth-己:hexa-乙:eth-庚:hepta-丙:prop-辛:octa-丁:buta-壬:nona-戊:penta-癸:deca-nPrefixesnPrefixesnPrefixes1mono-11undeca-21h
本文标题:化工专业英语
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