换言之翻译第二章讲义西外李林波

1Chapter3Chapter4TerminologyChapter3Collocation:p47Idiomandfixedexpressions:p47Markedcollocation:p51Accuracy：p56Naturalness:p56Chapter4Grammar:p83Morphology:p83Syntax:p83Gender:p90Text:p111Collocation:semanticallyarbitraryrestrictionswhichdonotfollowlogicallyfromthepropositionalmeaningofaword;thetendencyofcertainwordstoco-occurregularlyinagivenlanguage.p47Idiomandfixedexpressions:frozenpatternsoflanguagewhichallowlittleornovariationinformand,inthecaseofidioms,oftencarrymeaningswhichcannotbededucedfromtheirindividualcomponents.p47Markedcollocation:anunusualcombinationofwords,onethatchallengesourexpectationsashearersorreaders.p51Accuracy：Atermusedtorefertotheextenttowhichatranslationmatchesitsoriginal.ItusuallyreferstopreservationoftheinformationcontentofSTinTT.Anaccuratetranslationisgenerallyliteralratherthanfree.P56Naturalness:Atermusedtorefertotheextenttowhichatranslationisexpressedinclear,unforcedtermsinTL,asstatedbyNidaandTaberthattranslating“consistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.”P56Grammar:thesetofruleswhichdeterminethewayinwhichunitssuchaswordsandphrasescanbecombinedinalanguageandthekindofinformationwhichhastobemaderegularlyexplicitinutterances.p83Morphology:thestudyofthestructureofwords,thewayinwhichtheformofawordchangestoindicatespecificcontrastsinthegrammaticalsystem.p83Syntax:thestudyofthegrammaticalstructureofgroups,clauses,andsentences:thelinearsequencesofclassesofwordssuchasnoun,verb,adverb,andadjective,andfunctionalelementssuchassubject,predicator,andobject,whichareallowedinagivenlanguage.p83Gender:agrammaticaldistinctionaccordingtowhichanounorpronounisclassifiedaseithermasculineorfeminineinsomelanguages.p90Text:theverbalrecordofacommunicativeevent;aninstanceoflanguageinuseratherthanlanguageasanabstractsystemofmeaningsandrelations.p11123EquivalenceaboveWorldLevel3.1Collocation3.1.1Collocationalrangeandcollocationalmarkedness3.1.2Collocationandregister3.1.3Collocationalmeaning3.1.4Somecollocationrelatedpitfallsandproblemsintranslation3.1.4.1Theengrossingeffectofsourcetextpatterning3.1.4.2Misinterpretingthemeaningofasource-languagecollocation3.1.4.3Thetensionbetweenaccuracyandnaturalness3.1.4.4Culture-specificcollocations3.1.4.5Markedcollocationsinthesourcetext3.2Idiomsandfixedexpressions3.2.1Idioms,fixedexpressions,andthedirectionoftranslation3.2.2Theinterpretationofidioms(a)Someidiomsare“misleading”;theyseemtransparentbecausetheyofferareasonableliteralinterpretationandtheiridiomaticmeaningsarenotnecessarilysignalledinthesurroundingtext.(b)Anidiominthesourcelanguagemayhaveaveryclosecounterpartinthetargetlanguagewhichlookssimilaronthesurfacebuthasatotallyorpartiallydifferentmeaning.3.2.3Thetranslationofidioms:difficulties(a)Anidiomorfixedexpressionmayhavenoequivalentinthetargetlanguage.(b)Anidiomorfixedexpressionmayhaveasimilarcounterpartinthetargetlanguage,butitscontextofusemaybedifferent;thetwoexpressionsmayhavedifferentconnotations,forinstance,ortheymaynotbepragmaticallytransferable.(c)Anidiommaybeusedinthesourcetextinbothitsliteralandidiomaticsensesatthesametime.(d)Theveryconventionofusingidiomsinwrittendiscourse,thecontextsinwhichtheycanbeused,andtheirfrequencyofusemaybedifferentinthesourceandtargetlanguages.3.2.4Thetranslationofidioms:strategies(examplesseeFengChapter5)3.2.4.1UsinganidiomofsimilarmeaningandformBurntheboat破釜沉舟Castleintheair空中楼阁Aboltfromtheblow晴天霹雳Showtheclovenhoof露出马脚打草惊蛇wakeasleepingdog挥金如土spendmoneylikewater3.2.4.2UsinganidiomofsimilarmeaningbutdissimilarformHaveanaxetogrind别有用心Talkthroughone’shat胡言乱语Aflyintheointment美中不足Callaspadeaspade直言不讳3.2.4.3Translationbyparaphrase扬眉吐气tofeelproudandelated单枪匹马tobesingle-handedindoingsth开门见山tocomestraighttothepoint无孔不入totakeadvantageofeveryweakness3.2.4.4Translationbyomission涌现出无数感天动地、可歌可泣的英雄事迹produceduncountabletouchingandbraveexploits3(3.2.4.5.LiteraltranslationCrocodiletears鳄鱼眼泪Armedtotheteeth武装到牙齿刻骨铭心tobeengravedonone’sheartandbones口蜜腹剑tobehoney-mounthedanddagger-hearted)e.g.去年5月12日，我国发生震惊世界的汶川特大地震。在党中央、国务院坚强领导下，全国各族人民特别是灾区人民万众一心、众志成城，人民子弟兵舍生忘死、冲锋在前……AmassiveearthquakethatshockedtheworldstruckWenchuanonMay12.UnderthefirmleadershipoftheCPCCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncil,peopleofallethnicgroupsinChina,especiallyinthequakezone,workedasoneandfoughtinunisonagainsttheearthquakedisaster.Thepeople'sarmyrushedtothefrontlineswithoutthinkingoftheirownsafety.这场艰苦卓绝的抗震救灾斗争，涌现出无数感天动地、可歌可泣的英雄事迹，充分展现了中国人民不屈不挠、自强不息的伟大民族精神，谱写了气壮山河的壮丽篇章。ThishardstruggleagainsttheearthquakeproduceduncountabletouchingandbraveexploitsandfullydemonstratedthegreatindomitableandunyieldingspiritoftheChinesepeople,thuswritingaheroicchapterinthehistoryofthenation.4Grammaticalequivalence4.1Grammaticalvslexicalcategories4.2Thediversityofgrammaticalcategoriesacrosslanguages4.2.1Number4.2.2Gender4.2.3Person4.2.4Tenseandaspect4.2.5Voice—stylisticfactor,function,frequency4.3Abriefnoteonwordorder4.4Introducingtext4.4.1Textvsnon-text4.4.2Featureso