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卓之家环保第1页影响反渗透膜性能的主要因素一、进水水质对反渗透膜的影响1、进水水源水源种类很多,一般分地表水和地下水两种。地表水是指雨雪、江河、湖泊以及海洋的水,这些水的特点都与它们的形成过程密切相关。地下水是指雨水、地表水经过土壤和地层的渗透流动而形成的水。地表水和地下水均可作为反渗透的水源。首先要对水质做一全面的了解,必须对水源做全分析,这对反渗透系统的设计至关重要。2、进水水质分析原水成分是确定适宜的水处理工艺、选择合理的水处理流程,采用适当的化学药剂、进行水处理设备计算的重要基础资料。不同用途的水,要求的分析项目也不完全相同,所确定的指标也有很大差异。下表为海德能科技公司推荐的反渗透系统水质分析项目表。项目名称取样时间取样地点原水水源分析时间分析人pH浊度(NTU)水温(℃)SDI电导率(μS/cm)ORP(mV)项目ppmmeq/L项目钙离子(Ca2+)氯离子(Cl-)镁离子(Mg2+)硫酸根(SO42-)钠离子(Na+)碳酸根(CO32-)钾离子(K+)碳酸氢根(HCO3-)钡离子(Ba2+)磷酸根(PO43-)亚铁离子(Fe2+)氟离子(F-)铁离子(Fe3+)硝酸根(NO3-)铝离子(Al3+)二氧化硅(SiO2)总阳离子总阴离子总固体含量(ppm)生物需氧量BOD(ppm)总硬度(CaCO3ppm)化学需氧量COD(ppm)总碱度(mL)细菌个数(个/L)酚酞碱度(mL)余氯浓度(ppm)卓之家环保第2页3、进水盐浓度对反渗透膜的影响渗透压是水中所含盐分或有机物浓度的函数,进水含盐量越高,渗透压就越大,浓度差也越大,透盐率上升,从而导致脱盐率下降。4、不同的反渗透组件对进水的要求不同,如下表所示:项目卷式CA膜中空纤维聚酰胺膜卷式复合膜SDI15<4<3<4(5)浊度<1<0.5<1Fe3+/(mg/L)<0.1<0.1<0.1游离氯/(mg/L)0.2~1<0.1<0.1水温/℃25(40)25(40)25(40)水压2.5~3.02.4~2.6(2.8)1.0~1.6(4.1)pH值5~6(6.5)4~112~11总铁/(mg/L)<0.5<0.5<0.5化学耗氧量/(mg/L)<3<3<3注:括号中的数字为允许最大建议值。二、进水pH值对反渗透膜的影响进水pH值对产水量几乎没有影响,而对脱盐率有较大影响。pH值在7.5<8.5之间,脱盐率达到最高。三、进水压力对反渗透膜的影响进水压力影响RO和NF膜的产水通量和脱盐率,我们知道渗透是指分子从稀溶液侧透过膜进入浓溶液侧的流动,反渗透和纳滤技术即在进水水流侧施加操作压力以克服自然渗透压。当高于渗透压的操作压力施加在浓溶液侧时,水分子自然渗透的流动方向就会被逆转,部分进水(浓溶液)通过膜成为稀溶液侧的净化产水。进水压力本身并不会影响盐透过量,但是进水压力升高使得驱动反渗透的净压力升高,使得产水量加大,同时盐透过量几乎不变,增加的产水量稀释了透过膜的盐分,降低了透盐率,提高脱盐率。当进水压力超过一定值时,由于过高的回收率,加大了浓差极化,又会导致盐透过量增加,抵消了增加的产水量,使得脱盐率不再增加。四、进水温度对反渗透膜的影响反渗透膜产水电导对进水水温的变化十分敏感,随着水温的增加水通量也线性的增加,进水水温每升高(或者降低)1℃,产水量就增加(减少)2.5%-3.0%;(以25℃为标准)五、每根压力容器中的最大给水流量及最小浓水流量反渗透膜直径-英寸最大给水流量-加仑/分钟(吨/小时)最大给水流量-加仑/分钟(吨/小时)416(3.6)3(0.7)630(8.8)7(1.8)875(17.0)12(2.7)卓之家环保第3页产水量标准化温度校正表温度0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.952.1602.1512.1422.1342.2152.1172.1082.1002.0912.08362.0752.0662.0582.0502.0422.0342.0252.0172.0092.00171.9931.9861.9781.9701.9621.9541.9461.9391.9311.92381.9161.9081.9011.8931.8861.8781.8711.8631.8561.84991.8411.8341.8271.8201.8131.8051.7981.7911.7841.777101.7701.7631.7561.7501.7431.7361.7291.7221.7161.709111.7021.6961.6891.6821.6761.6691.6631.6561.6501.643121.6371.6311.6241.6181.6121.6051.5991.5931.5871.581131.5751.5681.5621.5561.551.5441.5381.5321.5271.521141.5151.5091.5031.4971.4921.4861.4801.4741.4691.463151.4571.4521.4461.4411.4351.4301.4241.4191.4131.408161.4031.3971.3921.3871.3811.3761.3711.3661.3601.355171.3501.3451.3401.3351.3301.3251.3201.3151.3101.305181.3001.2951.2901.2851.2801.2751.2701.2661.2611.256191.2511.2471.2421.2371.2321.2281.2231.2191.2141.209201.2051.2001.1961.1911.1871.1821.1781.1741.1691.165211.161.1561.1521.1471.1431.1391.1351.1301.1261.122221.1181.1141.1101.1051.1011.0971.0931.0891.0851.081231.0071.0731.0691.0651.0611.0571.0531.0491.0451.042241.0381.0341.0301.0261.0221.0191.0151.0111.0071.004251.0000.9970.9950.9920.9890.9870.9840.9820.9790.976260.9740.9710.9690.9660.9630.9610.9580.9560.9530.951270.9480.9460.9430.9410.9380.9360.9330.9310.9280.926280.9240.9210.9190.9160.9140.9120.9090.9070.9040.902290.9000.8970.8950.8930.890.8880.8860.8830.8810.879300.8770.8740.8720.8700.8860.8650.8630.8610.8590.856310.8540.8520.8500.8480.8450.8430.8410.8390.8370.835320.8320.8300.8280.8260.8240.8220.8200.8180.8160.813330.8110.8090.8070.8050.8030.8010.7990.7970.7950.793340.7910.7890.7870.7850.7830.7810.7790.7770.7750.773350.7710.7690.7670.7650.7630.7610.7600.7580.7560.754360.7520.7500.7480.7460.7440.7430.7410.7390.7370.735370.7330.7310.7300.7280.7260.7240.7220.7210.7190.717380.7150.7130.7120.7100.7080.7060.7050.7030.7010.699390.6980.6960.6940.6930.6910.6890.6870.6860.6840.682400.6810.6790.6770.6760.6740.6720.9710.6690.6670.666校正后流量=实测流量×给水温度对应的校正系数(上述表中的数据)。
本文标题:影响反渗透膜性能的主要因素
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