话语分析语境2..

Chapter2TheroleofcontextininterpretationI.TherevisionofformerpartsII.TheexpandingcontextIII.Theprinciplesof‘localinterpretation’&of‘analogy’1.PragmaticsanddiscoursecontextReferencePresuppositionImplicatureInference2.ThecontextofsituationFeaturesofcontextCo-textI.TherevisionofformerpartsII.TheexpandingcontextProblem(fordiscourseanalyst):Whenaparticularfeatureisrelevanttothespecificationofaparticularcontext&WhatdegreeofspecificationisrequiredDeicticContext(e.g.now,here,I……)Q:Aretherestandardproceduresfordeterminingwhatinformationisrelevanttotheinterpretationoftheseexpressions?(1)Theremightbestandardprocedures.(accordingtoLyons)(2)Thereclearlyarestandardsystemsforlocatingpointsintimeandspace.e.g.thetimebetween9:33a.m.&9:34a.m.on5June1961,specifyingtheutteranceintermsofclockandcalendartime,goodstandardsystems.Ifwehadtherelevantinstrumentation,wecouldspecifytheplaceoftheutteranceintermsofafineinteractionoflatitudeandlongitude.Itisnotatallclearthattheseparticularstandardsystemsproducetherelevantinformationonalloccasions.e.g.patrolshipe.g.a.Butyoujustsaidhewasn’t.b.Yousaidinthestaffmeetingyesterdaythathewasn’tc.Yousaidlastweekatthestaffmeetingthathewasn’td.YousaidlastyearwhenwemetinTorontothathewasn’tThefurtherawayintimethemessagewassituated,thelesslikelythespeakeristorememberpreciselythedateandtimeatwhichitoccurred.Itseemsunlikelythat‘standardprocedures’ofrecordingspaceandtimearegoingtoberelevanttotheuniqueidentificationofutteranceacts.Perhapsthestandardprocedureswillenableustofixtherelevantspacespansfortheinterpretationofdeicticexpressionlikehere.e.g.a.There’sanotherwornsectionwhichneedsrepairhere.b.You’vegotaveryniceroomhere.c.It’sreallynastydayhere.d.Youhaveacomparativelymildclimatehere.Itmustbeclearthatthespatiallocationidentifiedbyhereineachoftheseexpressionscouldbeinterpretedasaseriesofconcentricringsspreadingoutfromthespeakerandencompassingdifferentamountsofphysicalspace.Whatappearstobestableininterpretationsofhereisthatthedeicticcentreislocatedwherethespeakeris.DeicticcentrebythespeakerContextofutterancee.g.a.ClapaltogetherNOW.(gymmistresstoclass)b.Ithinkyoushouldbeginthenextchapternow.(supervisortostudent)c.NowI’mgettingolderIreallydofindpolicemenlookyoungerd.Fromtheironagetillnow,manhasbeenmakingincreasinglycomplexartifactsVerysimilarproblemsarisewiththeinterpretationofthetemporaldeicticexpressionnow.Thedeicticcentreislocatedwithinthecontextofutterancebythespeaker,butthattheinterpretationoftheexpressionnowasrelatingdurativelyorsubsequentlytotheutterance,andthetime-spaninvolved,mustbedeterminedwithrespecttothecontentoftheutterance.Thedeicticcentreisparticularlyappropriateto‘thecanonicalsituationofutterance’.(Lyons)Itispossibletousetheexpressionshereandnowinwhatmightbedescribedas‘displacedcontexts’.eg.Wewilllandhere.Nowwashyourhands,please.Speakers,orwritershavetheoptionoftransferringthedeicticcentretothehearer’s,orreader’s,spatio-temporalsituationinwhichthetextwillbeencountered.Deicticexpressionsmayretainastandarddeicticcentrebutmustbeinterpretedwithrespecttothecontentoftheutteranceinwhichtheyoccur.Therelevantstandardtemporaldescriptionofanutterancewillvarydependingontheknowledgeandintentionoftheanalyst(orspeaker)inreferringtotheutteranceaslocatedintime.Thatistosay,thereisnoguaranteethattaggingsystemprovidestherelevantinformation.Eg.Heseemedtoresentthemonthatoccasionandwillnotwearthemtoday.Wherewespecifiedthetimeofutteranceas4June1980.ForanyonewhoknowswhattheexpressiontheDerbymeans,itwouldhavebeenmoreinformativetotagthetimeofutteranceasDerbyDay,1980.Space-timeco-ordinatesorotherco-ordinates(suchas,Speaker,hearerandindicatedobject)cannotberegardedassimpleunstructuredcues.Q:Whatdoesitmeantospecifytheindicatedobjectco-ordinate?Wecouldidentifyapersonbyname.e.g.EllenBlairsaidshe’dliketocome.myfriendEllenBlair,ortheformerchairmanEllenBlair,oranurseinthewardcalledEllenBlairQ:Whatcanweinferaboutthespeaker’sintentionsfromthathehaschosenthisparticulardescription,ratherthananyoftheotherswhichwouldcalltomindthesamereferent?Wemayidentifythepersonfromexternalphysicalcues:e.g.thewomaninthecorner,themanwithabeardWemayidentifypeoplefromadescriptionofwhattheyaredoing:e.g.themanwho’sfixingthecarIngeneralwemayassumethat,inaparticularsocialcontext,onlyoneroleistakenbyanindividualatoneparticulartime.e.g.DailyTelegraphcartoonistNicholasGarlandshowinghowheseesthePrimeMinister.FrankSilbey,chiefinvestigatorfortheSenateLaborandHumanResourcesCommittee,pickeduphistelephone.Ineachcasetheindividualisidentifiedeitherbytherolewhichisrelevanttothecontentofthearticle,orbytherolebywhichheisknowntothepublic.Deicticrole&socialrole(status)Itispossibleformorethanonesocialroletoberelevantatonetimee.g.IamnotagainstMYFATHER,onlyagainstTHELABORMINISTER.Itmerelyexpressestheambivalencewhichiscommonhumanexperiencewheresomeaspectofanentitypleasesyouandsomeotheraspectfailstoplease.Itispossibleforspeakers,hearersorindicatedentitiestoberegardedfromtheperspectiveofmorethanonerole.e.g.a.AshisneighbourIseequitealotofhim,ashiscolleagueIhardlyeverseehim.b.Asa