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⾮谓语动词详解Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.概念:在句⼦中充当除谓语外的句⼦成分的动词形式叫做⾮谓语动词⾮谓语动词形式:不定式:todo现在分词(动名词):v-ing过去分词:done谓语动词与⾮谓语动词区别与联系1.从形式上讲,谓语动词有四种:以动词do为例,动词原型为do、过去式为did、现在分词为doing和过去分词为done;⾮谓语动词也有四种:以动词do为例,不定式为todo;现在分词为doing、动名词为doing和过去分词为done。其中,现在分词和动名词现在统称为v-ing。2.从语态上讲,谓语动词和⾮谓语动词都有两种,但表现形式不同。以动词do为例,谓语动词是:主动语态do和被动语态bedone;⾮谓语动词是:主动语态,不定式todo,现在分词和动名词doing。被动语态,不定式tobedone,现在分词和动名词beingdone和过去分词done。3.从时态上讲,谓语动词有16种时态:⽽⾮谓语动词因为最多有四种形式,只能代表⼗种时态 注:因为不定式、现在分词和动名词都没有将来式,所以,就⽤其⼀般式代替将来式。 4.从结构上讲,谓语动词没有独⽴主格结构,⽽⾮谓语动词却有。1.todo不定式的时态和语态1)⼀般式todo(主动)tobedone(被动)它所表⽰的动作,通常与主要谓语所表⽰的动作(状态)同时(或⼏乎同时)发⽣,或是在它之后发⽣Eg.Weareverygladtomeetyouagain.(同时发⽣)Eg.TheyinvitedustovisittheUnitedStatedsoon.(不定式动作在谓语动作之后)2)进⾏式tobedoing(主动)Eg.Heseemstobethinkingdeeply,withoutnoticingmepassing.3)完成式tohavedone(主动)tohavebeendone(被动)Eg.I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.4)完成进⾏式tohavebeendoingEg.Sheissaidtohavebeenwritingthenovelforyears.语态时态主动被动todo⼀般式todotobedone进⾏式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进⾏式tohavebeendoing/●主要⽤法在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和状语。1)主语Eg.Toknowwhatyouneedandtorealizewhatyoudonotknowistoknowindeed.知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。动词不定式短语作主语时,常⽤it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上⾯两句可⽤如下形式:Itisveryhardtofinishthetestinonehour.常⽤的形式1.It+be+名词+todo。2、Ittakessb.+sometime+todo。3、It+be+形容词+forsb.+todo。2)宾语Eg.Doyouwantmetofindonestampforyou?常见的接不定式的动词有:like,want,wish,hate,hope,manage,try,offer,start,ask,forget,promise,pretend,learn,choose,decide,attempt等。3)表语Thisisthebestwaytosolvetheproblem4)状语⽬的和结果状语(多指令⼈意外)Istayedtheresoastoseewhatwouldhappen.表结果往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外常放在never,only后Hesurvivedthecrashonlytodieinthedesert.5)宾补与宾语形成主动关系、动作将要发⽣Tellthechildrennottoplayonthestreet.6)定语接在抽象名词后或表动宾关系、动作还未发⽣Thechildhasnothingtoworryabout.Ihavealotofdreamstoachieve.注意不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、⼯具等,应有必要的介词,Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.Ineedapentowritewith.但是,如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,placeorway,不定式后⾯的介词习惯上可省去。Thebeggarhadnomoneyandnoplacetolive2.V-ing和V-ed现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动。现在分词表进⾏,过去分词表完成。作定语修饰名词时,ving修饰物,ved修饰⼈。分词的时态和语态现在分词(时态)⼀般式:doing完成形式:havingdone判断分词⽤什么形式主要是要与句⼦中的主要动词发⽣进⾏对⽐,如果同时发⽣,⽤⼀般式,如果分词的⾏为发⽣的时间早于主要动词的发⽣时间,则⽤完成时。Believingtheearthtobeflat,manypeoplefearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.(谓语动作和分词动作同时发⽣,且句⼦主语和分词动作是主动关系)Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttohelpotherclassmates.(分词动作先发⽣,谓语动作后发⽣)过去分词没有时态的变化,⼀般来说只有done这⼀种形式。-ving⼀般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone-ed⼀般式/doneEg.Carriedoutsuccessfully,theplanwillcompletelychangethetraffic。现在分词(语态)⼀般式被动beingdone完成式havingbeendoneEg.Beingsurrounded,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.(谓语动作和分词动作同时发⽣,且句⼦主语和分词动作是被动关系)Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,hewouldlearnmoreonit.Havingdonehishomework,heplayedbasket-ball.●主要⽤法1.主语现在分词:表⽰经常性习惯性的动作过去分词:不能作主语ReadingEnglishnovelsismyhobby.__________alanguagerequirestimeandeffort.A.LearnB.LearningC.TolearnD.learnt2.宾语现在分词:看具体的动词过去分词:不能做宾语必须接v-ing作宾语的动词有:admit,appreciate,advocate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,forbid,imagine,permit,practice,quit,regret,risk,suggest,等注意:有些动词后既可以接todo,也可以接v-ing。但他们的意思不⼀样forgettodosth.忘记去做。。。,未做forgetdoingsth.忘记,已经做过remembertodosth.记得去做,未做rememberdoingsth.记得,已做过meantodosth打算做。。。meandoingsth意味着。。。regrettodosth.后悔去做。。。,未做regretdoingsth后悔,已做过Hemeanttobreakintothehouse.Hislatenessmeanspunishing.注意有些带to的短语,to其实并⾮动词不定式的标志,⽽是介词,因此后⾯需要接上n或v-ing作宾语。这类短语有:admitto,beequalto,be/getusedto,be/getaccustomedto,beopposedto,devoteoneselfto,findone’swayto,getdownto开始认真对待,处理,keepto保持,坚持,leadto,lookforwardto,objectto,prefer…to…,seeto照料,处理,stickto,turnto,等。Welookforwardtoreceivingherinvitation.TheysticktolearningEnglishintheirlife.但在介词but/except之后,⽤不定式做宾语1.Hehadnoalternativebutto别⽆选择,只好。。。turnbackhome.2.Hedidnothingbutplaycomputergames.如果but/except前,句⼦谓语动词为do的某种形式,but后的不定式to常省略不写⼜诀:前有do,后省to3.表语Hertaskisansweringthequestions.Thewindowisbroken.4.宾补现在分词:与宾语形成主动同时过去分词:与宾语形成被动完成IsawhimswimmingintheriverPleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopment.其他考点使役动词或感官动词接不定式做宾补,不定式的to常省略使役动词:let,have,makesbdosth感官动词:seesbdosthShefeltsomeonetouchherbythearm.被动语态使役动词之后的to要还原weoftenhearthepopsingersingthesong➔Thepopsingerisoftenheardtosingthesong.Make的⽤法make+o+adj.makesb.domakesb.doneThebossmadetheworkersdotheworkallday.Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard.have的⽤法havesbdosth让某⼈做某事havesbdoingsth让某⼈⼀直做某事havesthtodo有某事要做(⾃⼰做,句⼦的主语做)havesthdone让别⼈做某事(某事被做)Theyalwayshavethemonkeysplaywithballs.Hehaduslaughingduringthelunchtime.Ihavemanyletterstowrite.IhavealreadyhadmyTVsetrepaired.5.定语现在分词:与被修饰词形成主动同时。当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。Inthefollowingmonthsweshouldworkevenharder.IhaveafriendlivinginHefei过去分词:与被修饰词形成被动完成Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayhasnotbeensolved.Thisisthenovelrecommendedbymyteacher.5.状语.表时间,条件,原因,结果,伴随状况等。Whilestayingathome,IalwayswatchEnglishmovies.(表⽰时间,句⼦主语和分词动作是主动关系)Encouragedbytheteacher,theyworkedmuchharderthanbefore.(表⽰原因,句⼦主语和分词动作是被动关系)Ving和ved的⼀些特殊⽤法动名词的复合结构。动名词前可以有⾃⼰的逻辑主语,作为该动名词动作的发出者,它们⼀起构成动名词复合结构形式为:名词所有格(代词所有格)+vingEg.HisarrivinginHeifeimakesmeveryhappy.Eg.Hedoesn'tlikemyhelpinghimwithhisEnglish.独⽴主格结构只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句⼦不⼀致时,我们才能⽤独⽴结构,独⽴结构只⽤作状语。它只是⼀个⼩短语,⽽不是⼀个主谓完整的简单句。独⽴主格结构的特点:1)独⽴
本文标题:大学英语非谓语动词详解
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