A-history-of-English

AhistoryofEnglish1OldEnglish2MiddleEnglish3ModernEnglishPartoneOldEnglish•HistoryoftheEnglishLanguage•AshorthistoryoftheoriginsanddevelopmentofEnglish•ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribeswhoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD.Thesetribes,theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes,crossedtheNorthSeafromwhattodayisDenmarkandnorthernGermany.AtthattimetheinhabitantsofBritainspokeaCelticlanguage.ButmostoftheCelticspeakerswerepushedwestandnorthbytheinvaders-mainlyintowhatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.TheAnglescamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived.•英语语言的历史•英语•短暂的历史起源和发展•英语语言的历史真正开始是在公元5世纪三个日耳曼部落入侵英国。这些部落，盎格鲁，撒克逊人以及朱特人，越过今天被我们称作是丹麦和德国北部北海的地方。当时英国的居民讲了凯尔特语。但是，大多数凯尔特人发言者推动了西面和北面的入侵者-主要分为现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。盎格鲁人来自Englaland，他们的语言被称为Englisc–英格兰和英国由此而来。GermanicinvadersenteredBritainontheeastandsouthcoastsinthe5thcentury.•公元5世纪，日耳曼入侵者进入英国东部和南部沿海。OldEnglish(450-1100AD)古英语（450-1100年）贝奥武夫古英语中的一首诗（部分）PartofBeowulf,apoemwritteninOldEnglish.TheinvadingGermanictribesspokesimilarlanguages,whichinBritaindevelopedintowhatwenowcallOldEnglish.OldEnglishdidnotsoundorlooklikeEnglishtoday.NativeEnglishspeakersnowwouldhavegreatdifficultyunderstandingOldEnglish.Nevertheless,abouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishroots.Thewordsbe,strongandwater,forexample,derivefromOldEnglish.OldEnglishwasspokenuntilaround1100.入侵的日耳曼部落说着相类似的语言，这在英国发展到成为我们现在所说的古英语。古英语与我们今天所说的英语不一样。现在，以英语为母语的人理解古英语也有很大的困难。然而，在现代英语中大约一半的英语常用词有古英语的词根。这些单词是，强大的和水，例如，源自古英语。古英语被延用了大约1100年。TheGermanicFamilyofLanguages日耳曼语系的语言EnglishisamemberoftheGermanicfamilyoflanguages.GermanicisabranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.英语是日耳曼语系的语言成员。日耳曼是印欧语族ParttwoMiddleEnglish（1150——1500）NormanConquest诺曼征服•WilliamofNormandydefeatsAnglo-SaxonkingHaroldattheBattleofHastingsin1066WilliamofNormandyAlthoughtheinvadingNormanFrenchbecametherulersoftheland,andFrenchbecamethelanguageofgovernmentandlawinEngland,theEnglishpeoplestubbornlyrefusedtogiveuptheirownlanguage.AtlastthetwolanguagescametogethertoformwhatweknowtodayasMiddleEnglish.尽管入侵的诺曼法国人成为这个国家的统治者，且法语也跃升为英国政府和法律界的专用语言，英国人却执拗地不肯放弃他们自己的语言。最后，这两种语言合二为一，形成了今天我们所说的中世纪英语。Frenchloanwords:nouns法语外来词：名词•actionadventurenumber•ageairpair•bucketcalendarperson•carpentercitypowder•coastcomfortriver•costcountrysign•couragecowardopinionFrenchloanwords:verbs法语外来词：动词•adviseaimallow•approacharrangearrive•betraychangechase•servecomfortcomplain•concealconsidercontinue•countdeceivedestroy•declaredefeatdelay•desireenjoyenterFrenchloanwords:adjectives法语外来词：形容词•ableactiveactual•briefcalmcertain•clearcommoncontrary•courageouscruelcurious•eagereasyfaint•fiercefinalfirm•foreigngentlehastyverbalaffixes•Verbalprefixes•inter–,counter–,re–,trans–,anti–,dis–,••Verbalsuffixes•–able,–ible,–ent,–al,–ous,–iveMiddleEnglishGrammar•ThestructureofMiddleEnglishisradicallydifferentfromthestructureofOldEnglish.•（中古英语的结构与古英语的结构从根本上有不同）•OldEnglishisahighlyinflectionallanguage.MiddleEnglishhasverylittlemorphology（古英语是一种高度曲折的语言，而中古英语已经很少形态了）theCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》ThegeneraladoptionofEnglishbyallclasses,whichhadtakenplacebythelatterhalfofthefourteenthcentury,gaverisetoabodyofliteraturewhichrepresentsthehighpointinEnglishliteratureachievementintheMiddleAge.（十四世纪后半期，英语开始被各阶级普遍接受，这使得大量代表中世纪英语文学成就高峰的文学作品开始出现。）PartthreeModernEnglishModernEnglish1EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)2LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)•TowardstheendofMiddleEnglish,asuddenanddistinctchangeinpronunciation(theGreatVowelShift)started,withvowelsbeingpronouncedshorterandshorter.Fromthe16thcenturytheBritishhadcontactwithmanypeoplesfromaroundtheworld.This,andtheRenaissanceofClassicallearning,meantthatmanynewwordsandphrasesenteredthelanguage.Theinventionofprintingalsomeantthattherewasnowacommonlanguageinprint.Booksbecamecheaperandmorepeoplelearnedtoread.PrintingalsobroughtstandardizationtoEnglish.Spellingandgrammarbecamefixed,andthedialectofLondon,wheremostpublishinghouseswere,becamethestandard.In1604thefirstEnglishdictionarywaspublished.早期现代英语(1500-1800)•随着中世纪英语的泯灭，发音突然发生了很大的变化（元音大推移），元音的发音越来越短。而从16世纪起英国与世界的接触多了起来，再加上文艺复兴的影响，导致越来越多的单词和短语被添加到英语中。印刷术的发明使得书面语流行起来。书变得越来越便宜，更多的人开始学习阅读。拼写和语法变得越来越固定，而由于伦敦市大多数出版社的所在，伦敦方言就变成了标准语言。1604年第一部英文词典出版了•Hamlet'sfamousTobe,ornottobelines,writteninEarlyModernEnglishbyShakespeare.•莎士比亚用早期现代英语写就的《哈姆雷特》中的著名语句“Tobe,ornottobe”LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)•ThemaindifferencebetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLateModernEnglishisvocabulary.LateModernEnglishhasmanymorewords,arisingfromtwoprincipalfactors:firstly,theIndustrialRevolutionandtechnologycreatedaneedfornewwords;secondly,theBritishEmpireatitsheightcoveredonequarteroftheearth'ssurface,andtheEnglishlanguageadoptedforeignwordsfrommanycountries•早期现代英语与晚期现代英语的主要区别是词汇。晚期现代英语增加了许多词汇，这主要有两个因素：首先，工业革命的出现需要更多的新词；其次，英帝国在其鼎盛时期覆盖了地球大约四分之一的面积，英语也许多其他国家吸收了很多新词VarietiesofEnglish•Fromaround1600,theEnglishcolonizationofNorthAmericaresultedinthecreationofadistinctAmericanvarietyofEnglish.SomeEnglishpronunciationsandwordsfrozewhentheyreachedA