初中英语语法-构词法

英语构词法JenniferHu英语构词法主要有三种：合成、派生与转化。英语构词法种类另外缩写和简写也是构词法的一种。１.合成:有两个或更多的词合成一个词。复合名词class+room=classroom(名词+名词)black+board=blackboard(形容词+名词)复合形容词warm+heart+ed=warmhearted热心肠的good+looking=good-looking相貌好看的world+wide=worldwide世界性的hard+working=hard-working努力工作的复合动词over+come=overcome克服(副词+动词)复合数词fifty+four=fifty-four复合代词everyone,somebody,anything,nobody(不定代词+名词)复合副词down+stairs=downstairs在楼下(形容词+名词)whole+heartedly=wholeheartedly全神贯注地(副词+副词)2.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。happy---unhappydevelop---development前缀:一般只引起意思上的变化而不造成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。mis-错误的+understandv.理解---misunderstandv.误解en+largeadj.大的---enlargev.扩大后缀:一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。carev.照料---carefuladj.细心的workv.工作---workern.工人常见的前缀(A)表示否定的前缀：un---unfair,unhappynon----nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in----inactive(常用在adj.后)dis----disagree,disappear,dislikeim----impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m开头的词前)(B).表示错误或失误的前缀:mis---misunderstand,misdirect(误导)(C)表示两个,双边的前缀：bi-bicolor(双色的),bicycle(D)表示相互,交互,在一起的前缀inter—interview,international,internet(E)表示又,再,重新的前缀re—review,return,rewrite(F)表示远的前缀tele–telephone,television常见的后缀1.动词变名词：-tioneducate--education,invite---invitation,predict---prediction-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-erteacher,worker,runner,singer-orvisitor,sailor,tutor,actor名词后缀补充:-ist(人,名词后缀)science--scientist,terror--terrorist-ese(民族,语言,名词后缀)Chinese,Japanese2.形容词变名词-nessgood—goodness,happy-happiness,busy-business,care—careless--carelessness-ityable--ability,possible--possibility3.名词变形容词：-y:windy,rainy,healthy,cloudy,funny,sunny-ish:foolish,childish,girlish-some:handsome,troublesome-ous:dangerous,humorous-ful:helpful,careful,peaceful,colorful-less:homeless,helpless,careless,useless-edsurprised,bored,excited,relaxed,interested-ingsurprising,boring,exciting,relaxing,interesting,outstanding4.动词变形容词-al:traditional,international,nature--natural5.名词、形容词变动词：-ify:beauty-beautify,simple--simplify-ize:realize-en:quicken,sharpen,widen3.转化:是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切.watern.水------watervt.浇水常见的转化形式：动词---名词名词---动词形容词---动词动词-----------名词stopv.停止-------n.车站watchv.观看-----------n.手表lookv.看----havealookn.看walkv.散步,走---takeawalkn.散步lovev.爱---yourloven.爱名词----------------动词handn.手---vt.上交seatn.座位---vt.坐nursen.护士---vt.护理oiln.油---vt.上油timen.时间------vt.定时，测时shown.展示,秀—--vt.表演,秀-形容词--------------------动词open(adj.开着的)—open(v.开)clean(adj.清洁的)-----clean(v.打扫)slow(adj.慢的)---slow(v.放慢)４.缩写和简写:缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩短法)主要采取:“截头”,“去尾”或者“既截头又去尾”的方法生成新词.telephone---phoneairplane—planelaboratory-labmathematics--mathadvertisement—adexamination--examIdentification---ID另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成.CD(compactdisk)CCTV(ChinaCentralTelevision)NBA(NationalBasketballAssociation)UFO(unidentifiedflyingobject)UN(UnitedNations)USA(UnitedStatesofAmerica)