Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)MinhHa-DuongNguyenThanhNhanCIRED,[e-mail]?CCSis:●Newtechnology,newmarket●Aclimatepolicyoption●ProjectsincommunitiesExample:Sleipnernaturalgasfield,NorwayCIRED–27avril2007CO2captureandstoragepathwaysCO2captureandstoragepathwaysOutlineI.Economics :CO2marketsandCCSII.CCSrisksIII.AcasestudyinFranceIV.ThecaseforCCSinVietnamI.EconomicsofCO2andCCS1.TheCO2emissionpermitsmarket●Thereisawidevarietyofindustries●Itismoreefficienttorulethemusingonemarketinstrument:theemissionstradingsystem77,8MtCO2émisen200519,3%desémissionsdeCO22005enFrance36largestCO2emittersindustry&energy36largest(MtCO2,2005)SollacAtlantiqueDunkerqueSollacMéditerranéesitedeFosEDF-CPTCordemaisARCELORAtlantiqueEtLorraineLASNET-EmileHuchetEDF-CPTHavreRaffinerieDeNormandieLASNET-ProvenceEDF-CPTBlénodRaffineriePort-JéRôMe/GravenchonEDF-CPTLaMaxeRaffinerieDeProvenceBPLavéRaSncEDF-CPTVitry/SeineRaffinerieDePetit-CouronneTotalPetrochemicalsFranceTOTALFRANCE(Donges)RaffinerieDesFlandresRaffinerieDeFeyzinChauff.UrbainToulonnaiseExxonMobilChemicalFranceUSINECHIMIQUEDEL'AUBETTETotalPetrochem.France(Gonfreville)EDF-CPTBouchainLafargeCimentsNaphtachimieEDF-CPTPorchevilleRaffineriedeBerreEDF-CPTMartiguesSmurfitCelluloseDuPinEDF-CPTRichemontEDF-DK6UsinedePAMetfonderiedeBlénodLASNET-HornaingInternationalPaperFranceTembecTarascon0,010,121,21211,58,495,274,353,223,152,992,932,772,751,991,491,451,451,421,321,311,31,271,231,21,141,131,081,051,041,000,980,970,970,960,950,930,930,920,91ETS:EmissionTradingSystem●ToemitCO2europeanfirmsmusthaveallowances●Allowancescanbesoldorbought●Initialquantitygivenfreein2005,Auctionstobeusedinlaterperiods0102030€/tCO2ETSCO2allowances:Pricehistorysep2005may2006feb2008feb2007SpotmarketFuturesdec2008Volume(Mt/month)ETSallowanceis15-25€/tCO2IsthatenoughtojustifyCCS?2.CostsalongtheCCSchainAddingupthecostsof:●Capture+compression,●Transport:pipelineorship●Storage;siting,injection,monitoringTechnologiesknown,butWeneedlargescale,integratedpilotsCO2avoided=CO2captured-emissionsofCCSSource:Bolland(2004)3waystocaptureSource:VattenfallExistingstudiessuggest25-40€/tCO2in2020,butnotechnologyismature.Betweenpost-andoxy-combustion,it’sunclearwhichischeapest.Post-combutionasretrofitoncoalplant:+10-20€/tCO2,butit’stheonlychoiceCapturecostsestimates(€/tCO2)MovingCO2around●Commerciallyavailabletechnologies●Lowtechnicalprogress●EconomiesofscalePipeline(supercriticaldensephase)Ship(oversea/offshorestorage)Source:SpecialreportIPCCCostswithpipelines(US$/tCO2/250km)Source:SpecialreportIPCCShippingcheaperover2000kmStoragecosts-€/tCO2avoided(TNS-Ecofys1999)ButthereareuncertaintiesRisksofleakage:ImplylongtermmonitoringEconomicframeworkisuncertain(postKyotoregulation,ETS...)NopublicopinionexistsyetEstimatedtotalcost,todayCapturecompressedto110bar37-44€/tCO2Transport100km1-3€/tCO2Storage1Mt/yr10Mt/yr15€/tCO25€/tCO243-52€/tCO2avoidedfor10Mt/yrCaptureistheexpensivestepIncitationsareneeded50€/tCO2(CCS)20€/tCO2(ETS)TherearepublicbenefitstoR,D&DCCSiswayoverCO2marketpriceElectricityproductioncostincreasesby30%●Coalplant:from4.3-5.2c/kWhwithoutto6.3-9.9c/kWhwithCCS400M$additionalinvestment●Naturalgascombinedcycle:3.1-5.0c/kWhwithout4.3-7.7c/kWhwithSource:IPCCSRCCSCostreductiontarget:20€/tCO2VattenfallConclusion●Europeanmarket(ETS)~20±5€/tCO2●CCScosts~50€/tCO2today●CaptureisexpensiveII.OnCCSrisksMessages●Risksarelivedwith●Acceptabilityispoliticallyconstructedwithcommunities●Climatechangeisabiggerrisk1.CO2risksarelivedwith●CO2tendstoleak–Lighterthanwater–Anacidthanmayreactwiththerock●But–Naturalanalogues(volcanism)–Artificialanalogues(workers≠public)–ModelsareimprovingVolcanism:CO2isdangerous●Rabaul,PapuaNewGuinea:InJuneof1990,threepeoplediedofsuffocationinaventoftheeastsideofTavurvur.Threemorediedtryingtoretrievethebodies.●Vestmannaeyjar(Heimaey),Iceland:Duringthe1973eruptionasleepingmanwaskilledbycarbondioxideasitpooledinthebasementofhishouse.●Italy1650:eruptionofEtnacausedabout40deaths;somecausedbyopthalmiasfromsulfurousvaporsandsuffocation.Thecrewofashipsuffocatedasitpassedthevolcano.LacNyos,Cameroun:August21st,1986,1700deaths.ArtificialrisksCO2intheworkplace●Coalmining●Agricultureandfoodindustry●FiresuppressionsystemsCommunityrisk:AmoreplausibleanalogoforphanedwellleakageCO2leaksalreadymanagedSummary:CCSriskybutmanageable●Peoplelivenearindustrialrisks●PeoplelivenearCO2leaks2.Theacceptanceissue●Whatisacceptability?●Psychologicalapproach●SociologicalstudiesIAcceptabilitybywhom?●Stakeholders:–Localadministration–Centraladministration–Industry–Nongovernmentalorganisations●ThepublicatlargeAcceptabilityofwhat?●Atechnology:Marketacceptability●Anreplytoclimatechange:Sociopoliticalacceptability●Aproject:CommunityacceptabilityINon-acceptancecase“FedstoTestImpactofDumpingCO2intoKonaWaters”WestHawaiiToday,18/3/1999.Regulationandacceptanceinotherprojects●Existing“large”projects(1MtCO2/yr)Sleipner,InSalah,Weyburn●Manysmaller,pilotprojectstodayto–Masterthetechnologicalchain–Engagetheadministrations–ExplorelocalacceptanceissuesPsy