IEEE-Guide-for-Soil-Thermal-Resistivity-Measuremen

IEEEStd442-1981(reaffirmed2003)IEEEGuideforSoilThermalResistivityMeasurementsSponsorInsulatedConductorsCommitteeoftheIEEEPowerEngineeringSocietyReaffirmed2003IEEEStandardsBoardCopyright©1981byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc345East47thStreet,NewYork,NYNopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedinanyform,inanelectronicretrievalsystemorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.IEEEStandardsdocumentsaredevelopedwithintheTechnicalCommitteesoftheIEEESocietiesandtheStandardsCoordinatingCommitteesoftheIEEEStandardsBoard.Membersofthecommitteesservevoluntarilyandwithoutcompensation.TheyarenotnecessarilymembersoftheInstitute.ThestandardsdevelopedwithinIEEErepresentaconsensusofthebroadexpertiseonthesubjectwithintheInstituteaswellasthoseactivitiesoutsideofIEEEwhichhaveexpressedaninterestinparticipatinginthedevelopmentofthestandard.UseofanIEEEStandardiswhollyvoluntary.TheexistenceofanIEEEStandarddoesnotimplythattherearenootherwaystoproduce,test,measure,purchase,market,orprovideothergoodsandservicesrelatedtothescopeoftheIEEEStandard.Furthermore,theviewpointexpressedatthetimeastandardisapprovedandissuedissubjecttochangebroughtaboutthroughdevelopmentsinthestateoftheartandcommentsreceivedfromusersofthestandard.EveryIEEEStandardissubjectedtoreviewatleastonceeveryfiveyearsforrevisionorreaffirmation.Whenadocumentismorethanfiveyearsold,andhasnotbeenreaffirmed,itisreasonabletoconcludethatitscontents,althoughstillofsomevalue,donotwhollyreflectthepresentstateoftheart.UsersarecautionedtochecktodeterminethattheyhavethelatesteditionofanyIEEEStandard.CommentsforrevisionofIEEEStandardsarewelcomefromanyinterestedparty,regardlessofmembershipaffiliationwithIEEE.Suggestionsforchangesindocumentsshouldbeintheformofaproposedchangeoftext,togetherwithappropriatesupportingcomments.Interpretations:Occasionallyquestionsmayariseregardingthemeaningofportionsofstandardsastheyrelatetospecificapplications.WhentheneedforinterpretationsisbroughttotheattentionofIEEE,theInstitutewillinitiateactiontoprepareappropriateresponses.SinceIEEEStandardsrepresentaconsensusofallconcernedinterests,itisimportanttoensurethatanyinterpretationhasalsoreceivedtheconcurrenceofabalanceofinterests.ForthisreasonIEEEandthemembersofitstechnicalcommitteesarenotabletoprovideaninstantresponsetointerpretationrequestsexceptinthosecaseswherethematterhaspreviouslyreceivedformalconsideration.Commentsonstandardsandrequestsforinterpretationsshouldbeaddressedto:Secretary,IEEEStandardsBoard345East47thStreetNewYork,NY10017USAiiiForeword(ThisForewordisnotapartofIEEEStd442-1981,IEEEGuideforSoilThermalResistivityMeasurements.)Throughouttheyears,manyutilities,consultants,andtestingfirmshavemeasuredsoilthermalresistivitybothinsituandinthelaboratoryonselectedsoilsamples.Suchmeasurementshaveutilizedvarioustypesofequipmentandmeasurementtechniques.Inmanycases,thesetestingmethodshaveyieldedinaccurateorinconsistentmeasurementsofsoilthermalresistivity.Thishasbeenattributedtotheunavailabilityofcommercialtestingequipmentandthelackofstandardizationassociatedwiththemeasurements.TheInsulatedConductorsCommittee,recognizingtheneedforindustryguidelinesforthemeasurementofsoilthermalresistivity,organizedaworkinggroupofSubcommittee12,TestsandMeasurements,towritethisneededguide.Duringthepreparationofthisguide,membersoftheworkinggroupmademanyround-robintestsandmeasurementsonselectedsoilsamples.Theexpertisedevelopedduringthesetestsisreflectedinmanypartsofthisguide.TheIEEEwillmaintainthisguidecurrentwithchangesinthestateoftechnology.However,commentsorsuggestionsforadditionsareinvitedonthisguide.Theseshouldbeaddressedto:SecretaryIEEEStandardsCommitteeInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc345East47thStreetNewYork,NY10017USAThemembershipandindividualscontributingtothewritingofthisguideandtheperformanceoftheround-robintestsconsistedofthefollowing:M.A.Martin,Jr,ChairMr.A.F.BaljetMr.R.A.BushMr.D.ClarkeMr.J.R.EasterlingMr.M.L.FengerMr.S.W.MargolinMr.J.J.RueckertMr.J.StolpeDr.W.W.WelnaAtthetunethisguidewasapprovedthemembersoftheTestandMeasurementsSubcommitteewere:T.A.Balaska,ChairC.F.AckermanE.M.AllamA.M.AubreyA.T.BakerA.F.BaljetR.BartnikasE.W.BennettC.W.BaldesL.A.BondonJ.A.BradleyR.A.BurkhardtM.D.CalcumuggioP.ChowdhuriW.ColeJ.E.ConleyW.F.ConstantineJ.N.CooperF.V.CunninghamJ.DensleyE.K.DuffyG.S.EagerN.W.EdgertonR.M.EichornA.FitspatrickE.O.ForsterR.W.FosterR.D.FulcomerJ.B.GardnerJ.GarlandA.GarschickD.W.GasdaS.GerhardW.R.GoldbachO.K.GratzolR.A.GubaL.F.HamiltonC.A.HatstatJ.G.C.HendersonW.J.HerbertV.HerterH.C.Hervig,JrR.R.HowardH.I.JehanC.V.JohnsonR.J.KasperivL.J.KellyW.B.KenyonF.KimseyM.Kopchik,JrJ.R.KushnerF.E.LaFetraA.F.LaScalaJ.S.LaskyR.H.LeeR.E.LeuchT.H.LingR.LukacG.E.LuskR.LutherE.A.MacKenzieM.A.Martin,JrI.J.MarwickE.J.McGowanA.L.McKeanM.I.F.MonzonC.E.MuhlemanJ.H.NicholasM.G.NobleH.OrtonJ.J.PachotA.S.PaniriW.M.PateJ.R.PerkinsK.A.PettyC.A.PieroniJ.S.PirrongJ.O.PundersonJ.G.QuinP.H.ReynoldsN.M.SacksC.SaldivarD.SandwickyE.L.SankeyA.SansoresG.W.SemanJ.J.ShortallN.SinghH.B.SladeD.E.SoffrinN.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