高英修辞总结

ClassificationofFiguresofSpeechHowmanyfiguresofspeecharethereinEnglish?Thenumbersrangefrom65to200ormore.Figuresofspeecharecommonlydividedintothreecategories:A.Lexicalfiguresofspeech（使用词汇手段的修辞格）B.Syntacticalfiguresofspeech（使用句法手段修辞格）C.Phoneticfiguresofspeech（使用语音手段的修辞格）Lexicalfiguresofspeechsimile（明喻）,metaphor（暗喻）,metonymy（借代）,personification（拟人）,irony（反语）,hyperbole（夸张）,understatement（低调）,euphemism（委婉语）,contrast（对照）,oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）,transferredepithet（移就）,pun（双关）,parody（仿拟）,paradox（隽语）Syntacticalfiguresofspeechantithesis（对偶）,repetition（反复）,parallelism（平行结构）,rhetoricquestion（修辞问句）,anticlimax（突降）etc.Phoneticfiguresofspeech•alliteration(eg.astrongmanstrugglingwiththestormsofstate)•assonance(eg.stopalltheclocks,cutoffthetelephone…)•onomatopoeia(eg.Shebangedthedoorafterher.)Synecdoche（提喻）•Synecdochemeansgivingthepartforthewholeorviceversa,usingakindofthingtorepresentanotherbigkindorviceversa,andusingrawmaterialtorepresentthethingmadeofit.•A.Usetheparttorepresentthewhole•1)Twentyyearslaterwhenhecamebacktohishometown,hesawmanynewfaces.(strangers)•2)Thefarmsareshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.(workers)•3)Hehasafleetoffiftysails.(ships)•4)Greatmindsthinkalike.(greatpersons)•B.Usethewholetorepresentthepart•1)Thescoreis2to1infavorofChina.(Chineseteam)•2)Theworldstandsbyourside.•C.Useconcretethingstorepresentabstractthingsorviceversa•1)ThereisamixtureofthetigerandapeinthecharacterofFrenchman.(‘tiger’and‘ape’standsforthequalityof‘ferocity’and‘cunningness’)•2)Allthewitandlearningwereassembledhere.(thewit—thecleverandwisepeople;learning—learnedpeople)2.Parallelism（排比）Phrasesorclauseshavingthesamefunctionandimportancemusthavethesamegrammaticalform.Parallelconstructionswhichexpressparallelideasandgiveemphasis,clarity,andcoherencetosentences.Inparallelsentences,conjunctionsarefrequentlyused;A)并列连词：and,both…and,notonly…butalso…,aswellas,besides,moreover等B)选择连词：or,otherwise,nor,either…or…,neither…nor…等C)转折连词：but,yet,while（而）,whereas（而）,nevertheless等D)推理连词：therefore,so,then,hence,for1）Hespeaks,reads,andwritesequallywell.2)Iprefernon-fiction:history,socialcommentary,andstufflikethat.3)AnEnglishmanthinksseated:aFrenchman,standing;anAmerican,pacing;anIrishman,afterward.(O’Malley)(英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想）4）Wecangainknowledge,byreading,byreflecting,byobservationorbypractice.（求知门很多，或阅读，或反思，或观察，或实践）5)Theworldlistens.Theworldwatches.Theworldwaitstoseewhatwewilldo.（世界在倾听，世界在注视，世界等待着我们做什么）6)MarchwindsandAprilshowersbringforthMayflowers.7)Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.8)Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriends,whoaredead.(BertrandRussell)9)Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.(Bacon)(读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才)10）Readingmakesafullman,meditation(deepthinking)aprofoundman,discourseaclearman.(BenjaminFranklin)（读书使人充实，冥思苦想使人深邃，讨论使人明辩）11)Allmenaremortal;kingsaremen;thereforekingsaremortal.12)Modestyhelpsonemakeprogress,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.13)Wewillneverparley.WewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgangs.14)Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair.15)Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm..16)Isee..Isee…17)Thatisourpolicy.Andthatisourdeclaration.5.RepetitionTherepeateduseofthesamesynonymouswords,toaddforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentence.Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.7.AntithesisAntithesisisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveforceandemphasis.Theformoftheexpressionisveryimportantfortheeffect,fortheforceofemphasis,whetherforprofundityofjudgment,orhumororforsatire,dependschieflyonthejuxtapositionofdirectopposites,ofglaringcontrasts.AntithesisForexample,1)Craftymencondemnstudies;simplemenadmirethem;andwisemenusethem.2)Speechissilver,silenceisgolden.Antithesis3)Itwasthebestoftimes;itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonofLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness,itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,wewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.(Dickens-----ATaleofTwoCities)「这是最好的时代，也是最坏的时代；这是一个最聪明的时代。也是一个最愚昧的时代；这是一个相信的时代，也是一个怀疑的时代，这是一个光明的时代，也是一个黑暗的时代......这是主后一千七百七十五年的时代。4)Thewickedfleewhennoonepursues,buttherighteousareboldasalion.(邪恶之人，即使无人追踪，也会心虚奔逃；方正之人，则坦然无畏，胆壮如狮。Antithesis•Sarcasm（挖苦，讽刺）;Sarcasmisjustattackinginataunting(嘲弄,奚落)andbittermanneranditsaimistodisparage(蔑视,贬损),ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Thisfigureofspeechneedscontextclue.•Ridicule(嘲笑,奚落)Hyperboleforhumororridiculemakesuseofabsurdlyexaggerateddescriptionsorsituationstoexposeortodeflate(挫某人锐气).AssonanceAssonanceistherepetitionofavowelsoundwithinwords.freeandeasy;makethegrade;Timeandtidewaitfornoman.AssonanceinProseProsewriterssometimesrepeatvowelsoundstoreinforcethemeaningofthewords.Italsohelpstocreatemoods.Here,thelongosoundsmysterious.Poetryisold,ancient,goesbackfar.Itisamongtheoldestoflivingthings.Soolditisthatnomanknowshow