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颅骨cranialbones共23块,另有6块听小骨,因与听觉有关,故列入前庭蜗器内。颅骨分为:脑颅bonesofcerebralcranium:8块面颅bonesoffacialcranium:15块颅骨23块(一)脑颅骨成对:颞骨、顶骨(4块)不成对:额骨(额窦)、筛骨(筛窦)、蝶骨(蝶窦)、枕骨(4块)颞骨顶骨parietalbone额骨蝶骨枕骨筛骨ethmoidbone蝶骨sphenoidbone颞骨颞骨temporalbone枕骨occipitalbone额骨frontalbone额骨上颌窦maxillarysinus筛窦ethmoidalsinuses8块脑颅骨中,其中额骨frontalbone、筛骨ethmoidbone、蝶骨sphenoidbone为含气骨pneumaticbone。分别称为额窦frontalsinus、筛窦ethmoidalsinuses、蝶窦sphenoidalsinus,成对,分别开口于左、右两个鼻腔。额窦frontalsinus额窦frontalsinus蝶窦sphenoidalsinus额窦上颌窦maxillarysinus上颌窦筛窦ethmoidalsinuses1.筛骨ethmoidbone分部筛板cribriformplate垂直板perpendicularplate:构成骨性鼻中隔上部筛骨迷路ethmoidallabyrinth:筛窦筛板cribriformplate垂直板perpendicularplate筛骨迷路ethmoidallabyrinth2.蝶骨sphenoidbone体:蝶窦sphenoidalsinus小翼lesserwing大翼greaterwing翼突pterygoidprocess大翼greatwing小翼lesserwing翼突pterygoidprocess体body3.颞骨temporalbone鳞部鼓部岩部鳞部squamouspart鼓部tympanicpart岩部petrouspart乳突部mastoidprocess(二)面颅骨bonesoffacialcranium:(15块)成对:不成对:上颌骨(上颌窦)、颧骨、鼻骨、泪骨、腭骨、下鼻甲骨犁骨、下颌骨、舌骨上颌骨maxilla颧骨zygomaticbone泪骨lacrimalbone鼻骨nasalbone腭骨palatinebone犁骨vomer下颌骨mandible下鼻甲骨inferiornasalconcha(12块)(3块)下鼻甲骨inferiornasalconcha腭骨palatinebone犁骨vomer上颌骨maxilla上颌窦maxillarysinus上颌窦maxillarysinus筛窦ethmoidalsinuses面颅骨中,其中上颌骨为含气骨,含有上颌窦,成对,开口于中鼻道。下颌骨mandible下颌体bodyofmandible下颌支ramusofmandible下颌底baseofmandible牙槽弓alveolararch颏孔mentalforamen冠突coronoidprocess髁突condylarprocess下颌头headofmandible下颌颈neckofmandible下颌角angleofmandible下颌孔mandibularforamen一体:下颌体两支:下颌支髁突冠突舌骨hyoidbone大角greatercornu小角lessercornu体bodyofhyoidbone(三)颅的整体观1.颅盖calvaria冠状缝coronalsuture人字缝lambdoidsuture矢状缝sagittalsuture枕外隆凸externaloccipitalprotuberance人字缝lambdoidsuture2.颅底内面观颅前窝anteriorcranialfossa:颅中窝middlecranialfossa颅后窝posteriorcranialfossa筛孔ethmoidalforamen垂体窝hypophysealfossa视神经管opiticcanal眶上裂superiororbitalfissure卵圆孔foramenovale棘孔foramenspinosum枕骨大孔foramenmagnumofoccipitalbone舌下神经管内口internalapertureofhypoglossalcanal横窦沟groovefortransversesinus乙状窦沟grooveforsigmoidsinus颈静脉孔jugularforamen内耳门internalacousticport圆孔foramenrotundum上矢状窦沟grooveforsuperiorsagittalsinus(第I对:嗅神经)颅中窝middlecranialfossa主要形态结构①中央是蝶骨体bodyofsphenoidbone②蝶骨体上面中央的凹陷为垂体窝hypophysealfossa③垂体窝前方的两侧有视神经管opiticcanal(第II对:视神经)④视神经管的外侧有眶上裂superiororbitalfissure(第III动眼神经、IV滑车神经、V第一支眼神经、VI展神经通过)⑤蝶骨体的两侧,从前向后外有圆孔foramenrotundum(第V对第二支上颌神经)、卵圆孔foramenovale(第V对第三支下颌神经)和棘孔foramenspinosum(脑膜中动脉通过)。颅后窝posteriorcranialfossa主要形态结构:①中央有枕骨大孔foramenmagnumofoccipitalbone②枕骨大孔前有斜坡clivus③枕骨大孔的前外缘有舌下神经管hypoglossalcanal④枕骨大孔的后上方有枕内隆凸internaloccipitalprotuberance⑤枕内隆凸的两侧有横窦沟groovefortransversesinus,横沟折向前下为乙状窦沟grooveforsigmoidsinus,它向下终于颈静脉孔jugularforamen⑥在颞骨岩部的后面有内耳门internalacousticport(第VIII对前庭蜗神经、第VII面神经通过)颅前窝anteriorcranialfossa筛孔ethmoidalforamen颅后窝颅中窝蝶骨体bodyofsphenoidbone垂体窝hypophysealfossa视神经管opiticcanal眶上裂superiororbitalfissure圆孔foramenrotundum、卵圆孔foramenovale和棘孔foramenspinosum枕骨大孔foramenmagnumofoccipitalbone斜坡clivus舌下神经管hypoglossalcanal枕内隆凸internaloccipitalprotuberance横窦沟groovefortransversesinus、乙状窦沟grooveforsigmoidsinus和颈静脉孔jugularforamen内耳门internalacousticport颅底内面观3.颅底外面观牙槽弓alveolararch腭palate犁骨vomer枕骨大孔foramenmagnum枕髁occipitalcondyle颈静脉孔jugularforamen茎突styloidprocess茎乳孔stylomastoidforamen乳突mastoidprocess外耳门externalacousticport下颌窝mandibularfossa关节结节articulartubercle枕外隆凸externaloccipitalprotuberance颅底外面前部的主要形态结构:①前方有上颌骨的牙槽alveolus②硬腭骨板后缘的上方有被犁骨分开的两个鼻后孔posteriornasalforamen颅底外面后部的主要形态结构:①中央有枕骨大孔foramenmagnum②枕骨大孔的两侧有椭圆形突出的关节面称为枕髁occipitalcondyle③枕髁的外侧有颈静脉孔jugularforamen④颈动脉管外口的后外方,有细长骨突称为茎突styloidprocess⑤茎突的后外方有颞骨的乳突mastoidprocess⑥茎突与乳突之间的孔称为茎乳孔stylomastoidforamen⑦茎乳孔前方大而深的凹陷为下颌窝mandibularfossa,下颌窝前方的横行隆起,称为关节结节articulartubercle⑧枕骨大孔的后上方有枕外隆凸externaloccipitalprotuberance4.颅的前面:由大部分面颅和部分脑颅构成,并共同围成两眶和骨性鼻腔(1)眶orbit:眶上孔或切迹supra-orbitalforamenornotch眶下孔infraorbitalforamen视神经管opiticcanal泪囊窝fossaforlacrimalsac眶下裂inferiororbitalfissure眶上裂superiororbitalfissure眶下沟infraorbitalgroove眶的主要形态结构:①眶上缘supra-orbitalmargin和眶下缘infra-orbitalmargin。眶上切迹supra-orbitalnotch(有时为眶上孔supra-orbitalforamen)。眶下缘中点的下方有眶下孔infraorbitalforamen。②眶下壁骨面上有沟称眶下沟infraorbitalgroove,向前移行为眶下管infraorbitalcanal,通眶下孔。③眶内侧壁近前缘有泪囊窝fossaforlacrimalsac,向下延伸为鼻泪管nasolacrimalcanal通鼻腔(下鼻道)。④眶外侧壁后半的上、下方各有眶上裂superiororbitalfissure和眶下裂inferiororbitalfissure。(2)骨性鼻腔bonynasalcavity骨性鼻中隔(内侧壁)顶:底:外侧壁::犁骨vomer、筛骨垂直板perpendicularplate筛板cribriformplate骨腭bonypalate(上颌骨腭突、腭骨水平板)有上、中、下鼻甲superior,middleandinferiornasalconcha和上、中、下鼻道superior,middleandinferiornasalmeatus犁骨vomer筛骨垂直板perpendicularplate筛板cribriformplate骨腭bonypalate(3)鼻旁窦parannsalsinuses:1)额窦frontalsinus:开口于中鼻道前部2)筛窦ethmoidalsinuses:前、中群开口于中鼻道,后群开口于上鼻道3)蝶窦sphenoidalsinus:蝶骨体内,向前开口于蝶筛隐窝4)上颌窦maxillarysinus:上颌骨体内,开口于中鼻道额窦frontalsinus蝶窦sphenoidalsinus上颌窦maxillarysinus筛窦ethmoidalsinuses额窦frontalsinus蝶窦sphenoidalsinus5.颅侧面观主要形态结构:①外耳门externalacousticport,向内入外耳道②颧弓zygomaticarch③颞窝temporalfossa翼点pterion:为额、顶、颞、蝶四骨结合处,内有脑膜中动脉前支anteriorbranchofmiddlemeningealartery通过。脑膜中动脉middlemeningealartery翼点pterion(四)新生儿颅特征:①脑颅远大于面颅②新生儿颅呈五角形③颅囟cranialfontanelles前囟anteriorfontanelle后囟posteriorfontanelle
本文标题:颅骨
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