Lecture-2----Translation-history-in-China

TranslationhistoryinChinaIntroduction•anoverthreethousand-year-oldhistoryoftranslation•TheearliesthistoricaldocumentsrecordingsporadictranslationactivitiesinChinacanbetracedbacktotheZhouDynasty（1100B.C.）•xiangxu(象胥)orsheren（舌人）•“TheSongofYueNationality”（越人歌）;thefirstpoemtranslatedinancientChinaThreepeaksoftranslationbeforetheMay4thMovement（1919）.TheFirstPeak----TheTranslationofBuddhistClassics•intheSixDynasties（232----589）whenBuddhistmonkssetabouttranslatingclassicsofBuddhismintoChinese•ThetranslationofBuddhistclassicsbeganinthelateEasternHanDynastyandlastedmorethan1,000yearstilltheTang（618----907）andNorthernSongDynasties（960----1127）Severalimportantfigures•ZhiQian（支谦）•“PrefacetoFaJuJing”（《法句经》序）•“followtheoriginalintentionoftheauthorwithoutanyembroidery”(因循本旨，不加文饰)•DaoAn（道安）•theearlieststatetranslationschoolyichang（译场）•“translateaccordingtotheoriginalwithoutanyadditionanddeduction”(案本而传，不令有损言游字)•Kumargjiva(鸠摩罗什)•heappliedafreetranslationapproachtotransfertheessenceoftheSanskritsutras.•hefirstlysuggestedthattranslatorsshouldsigntheirnamesintranslatedworks.•XuanZang（玄奘）•themosteminentfigureofthefirstpeakintranslationhistory•XuanZangdevelopedhisepoch-makingcriteriathattranslation“mustbetruthfulandintelligibletothepopulace”（既须求真，又须喻俗）.•Hesummedupfivecasesdependantontransliteration,namely,don’ttranslate（a）whatismysterious（秘密故）,（b）whatismulti-semantic（多义故）,（c）whatistooalientobereproduced(此无故)，（d）whatishereditary（顺古故）and（e）whatisphilanthropic（生善故）.•RecordsoftheWesternRegionsundertheReignoftheGreatTang（《大唐西域记》）TheSecondPeak:TheTranslationofBooksonScienceandTechnology•thelateMingandearlyQingDynastiesaroundthe17thcentury•thearrivalofJesuitmissionariesfromItaly,Spain,Portugal,France,Switzerland,Germany,BelgiumandPoland•morethan300worksintotal，120concernedscienceandtechnologyrangingfromastronomy,mathematics,physicsandmetallurgytoanatomy,biologyandcartography•XuGuanqi(徐光启)•XucooperatedwiththeItalianJesuitMatteoRicci（利玛窦）intranslatingthe13volumesofEuclid’sElementsofGeometry（《几何原本》）•workingwithSabbathinusdeUrsis（熊三拔）,anItalianmissionary,hecompletedasix-volumeadaptedtranslationonhydrologyandreservoirsentitledWaterConservationandIrrigationMethodsintheWest（《泰西水法》）•LiZhizao(李之藻)•IntheprefacetoitsChineseversionknownasHunGaiTongXianTuShuo（《浑盖通宪图说》），hestatedclearlythattheearthisroundandinmotion.•TongWenSuanZi（《同文算指》）TheThirdPeak:TheTranslationofWesternClassics•TheOpiumWar（1840----1842）andthesigningofthefirstunequalTreatyofNanjing•fromthemid19thcenturytotheeveoftheMay4thMovement•LinZexu(林则徐)•“thefirstChinesewhoopenedhiseyestolookattheoutsideworld”•“mustlearnfromthefortesofitsforeignenemiesinordertoeventuallyconquerthem”•GazetteeroftheFourContinents（《四洲志》）•LiShaman（李善兰）•translatingtheremainingvolumesofEuclid’sElementsofGeometryfrom1852to1856,withthehelpoftheBritishmissionaryAlexanderWylie.•DaiShuXue（《代数学》）fromElementsofAlgebrabytheBritishmathematicianAugustusdeMorgan,DaiWeiJiShiJi（《代微积拾级》）fromElementsofAnalyticalGeometryandofDifferentialandIntegralCalculusbytheAmericanscholarEliasLoomisandZhongXue（《重学》）,themostinfluentialphysicsworkatthattime,fromAnElementaryTreatiseonmechanicsbytheBritishphysicistWilliamWhewell.•LinShu（林纾）•thepioneerofliterarytranslationinChina•Ivanhoe（《撒克劫后英雄略》）,LaDameauxCamelias（《巴黎茶花女遗事》）,UncleTom’sCabin,（《黑奴吁天录》）,OldCuriosityShop（《孝女耐儿传》）,DavidCooperfield（《块肉余生述》）andOliverTwist（《贼史》）•YanFu(严复)•profoundlyshockedbythehumiliatingTreatyofShimonoseki（《马关条约》）•The1898translationofThomasHenryHuxley’sEvolutionandEthics（（天演论））establishedhisreputationthroughoutthecountry•“naturalselectionandsurvivalofthefittest”into物竞天择，适者生存•Hislistoftranslationsincludes:OnLiberty（《群几权界说》）andSystemofLogic（《穆勒名学》）byJohnStuartMill,StudyofSociology（《群学肆言》）byHerbertSpenser,InquiryintotheNatureandcauseoftheWealthofNations（《原富》）byAdamSmith,SpiritofLaw（《法意》）byC.D.S.Montesquieu,HistoryofPolitics（《社会通诠》）byE.Jenks,andLogic（《名学浅说》）byW.S.Jevons.•IntheprefacetothetranslatedEvolutionandEthicsYanFusetdownthetripletranslationcriteria,namely,“faithfulness（信）,expressiveness（达）andelegance(雅)”TranslationinChinabetween1919----1949•thefirstChinesetranslationofthefulltextoftheCommunistManifesto（MarxandEngels，1848）byChenWangdao（陈望道，1890----1977）•thedomainoftranslationwitnessedafocusontheintroductionofKarlMarx’s（1818----1883）andLenin’s（1870----1924）classicalworksonsocialistandcommunisttheories•Lenin’sNationsandRevolution;Marx’smonumentalworkCapital•ClassicalChineseintranslationwasgraduallyreplacedbyamoresimplifiedandeasily-understoodvernacularChinesebaihua（白话）•LuXun（鲁迅，1881-1936）,QuQiubai（瞿秋白，1899-1935）,MaoDun（茅盾，1896-1981）andLinYutang（林语堂，1895-1976）TranslationinPresent-dayChina•TranslationinChinahassteppedintoanewerasincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinain1949.•Nationalandregionalorganizationsfortranslators•scientificandtechnicalworks•qualityandquantityoftranslations“GreatCulturalRevolution”China’sadoptionofthepolicyofreformandopening-up•anumberofscholarsinChinaintroducedvarioustranslationprinciplesinviewofnewdiscoveriesinsuchbranchesassemiotics,social-