大学英语语法3——形容词

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit3Modifiers:adjectives•Grammar:Adjectives•Writing:Correcting:ComparisonProblemsRewriting:HowtorewritesentencesModifiersAmodifierisanywordthatactstodescribeorqualifyanotherwordinsuchawaythatitenrichestheotherwordsmeaning.Itusuallymaybeanadjective,anadverboraprepositionalphrase.Addingmodifierscanmakesentencesmoreexplicit,moreinterestingandmorepowerful.Let’slookatanexample.Thegirlmarried.•Thegirlwaspoor.•Shemarriedimmediately.•Shemarriedaftergraduation.Now,youmaycombineallthesedetailsintoonesentence.•Thepoorgirlmarriedimmediatelyaftergraduation.Adjectives•Anadjectiveisawordthatmodifiesanounorapronounbylimitingitsmeaning.Ittellsacharacteristicorqualityofanounorpronoun.Adjectivestellsuchthingsaswhichone?whatkind?whose?howmany/much?•Generally,adjectivesmaybeclassifiedintotwo:oneisattributiveadjectiveswhichareplacedbeforenounsandtheotherispredictiveadjectiveswhichareplacedafterlinkverbs.attributiveadjectivespredictiveadjectivesthebighouse→Thehouseisbig.apopularsinger→Thesingerispopular.Somewordscanonlybeusedaspredictiveadjectives.Theyhavenodegreeofcomparisonandcannotbemodifiedbydegreeadverbssuchastoo,very,much,almost,nearly,enough,hardlyandsoon.Mostadjectiveswithinitiallettera-arepredictiveadjectives,suchasafraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake,ahead,ashamedetc.Andsomeothersareill,well,faint,glad,pleased,sorry,sure,certain,unable,ready,fondandsoon.•Thedogisasleep.→anasleepdog•Theboywasill.→anillboy1Degreesofcomparison•Manyadjectiveshavedifferentformstoindicatetheirdegreeofcomparison.Therearethreelevelsofcomparison:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.•Thepositivedegree,theadjectiveinitsmostbasicform,indicatesnoincreaseordiminutionoftheoriginalquality.Wearelucky.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.Tocomparepeople,places,eventsorthings,whentheyareequal,weuseas+adj.+as;whentheyareunequal,weusenotso/as+adj.+as.•SummerinEnglandislovely.•SpringinChinaislovely.•SummerinEnglandisaslovelyasspringinChina.•Yourstoryisinterested.•Mystoryisveryinterested.•Yourstoryisnotsointerestedasmine.Whenwemakeacomparisonofquantity,weusethestructure“as+much/manyn.+as”or“as+few/littlen.+as”•Iearnmuchmoney.•Mysonearnsmuchmoney.•Iearnasmuchmoneyasmysondoes.•Harryhasfewcardsasyouhave.•Youhavefewcards.•Harryhasasfewcardsasyouhave.Notice:Inaninformalstyle,weuseobjectpronouns(us,them,himetc.)afterthesecond“as”.•Ireceivedasmanypostcardsashedid.(formal)•Ireceivedasmanypostcardsashim.(informal)Thecomparativedegreecomparestwonounsorpronouns:oneholdsagreaterorlesserdegreeofaqualitythantheother.Singlesyllableadj.:adj.-erTwo-syllableadj.:more+adj(-ful/-re).(morecareful,moremature);adj(-er/-yor-ly).-er.(cleverer,prettier,sillier).Multi-syllableadj.:more+adj.(moreinteresting)•Sheisthirtyeightyearsold.•Herhusbandisfiftyyearsold.•Sheistwelveyearsyoungerthanherhusband.•Thisworkisdifficult.•Ihadthoughtitwaseasy.•ThisworkismoredifficultthanIhadthoughtitwas.Wecanusethecomparativeswith“thecomparativedegree…,thecomparativedegree…”tosaythatthingschangeorvarytogether.Noticethestructureis“thecomparativedegree+(n.)+subject+verb…”.•TheolderIgrow,thehappierIam.•Themoremistrustwefeel,thelessconfidencewehave.Thefollowingstructuresareusedtoindicatemultiple:1)Ais…timesthesize/height/length/widthofB.•TheOrientalPearlToweristhreetimestheheightofthisHotel.2)Ais…timesasbig/high/long/wide/largeasB.•AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.3)Ais…timeslarger/higher/longer/widerthanB.•SaltLakeisfivetimessaltierthananyoceans.Someadjectives(mostwith–orsuchasprior,superior,inferior,senior,junior,etc.)usetoinsteadofthanwhenindicatingcomparativedegree.•Thetaskispriortoallothers.•Healthwithoutrichesispreferabletoricheswithouthealth.Thesuperlativedegreecomparesmorethantwonounsorpronouns.Itisthehighestdegreeofcomparisonforadjectives，usuallyformedeitherbyadding-esttotheshorterwords(kindest,fastest)orbyputtingmostbeforelongerwordsandadverbs(mostextraordinary,mostquickly).Weusethedefinitearticle‘the’whileusingthesuperlativedegree.•Therearethreebooks.•Thisoneisbest.•Ofthethreebooks,thisoneisbest.•Ihaveeverdonemanykindsofwork.•Thatisthemosttime-consumingwork.•Thatisthemosttime-consumingworkIhaveeverdone.Exercises1:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencewhichrepresentsthedegreesofcomparison.1.Theearthisbig.Themoonissmall.About50moonsequaltooneearth.Theearthis50timesthesizeofthemoon.2.Mymotherissixtyeightyearsold.Myfatherisseventyfouryearsold..Myfatherissixyearsolderthanmymother.3.Thelivingroomis36squaremeters.Thebedroomis12squaremeters.Thelivingroomisthreetimesasbigasthebedroom.4.Youthinkthedictionaryisinteresting.Actuallythedictionaryisnotinteresting.Thedictionaryisnotas/sointerestingasyouthinkitis.5.Europehasalandof3,837,000Sq.Miles.Asiahasalandof17,212,000Sq.Miles.AsiaislargerthanEurope.6.ThisbookisinsimpleEnglish.TheotheroneisindifficultEnglish.Thisbookissimplerthantheotherone.7.ThisbookisinsimpleEnglish.TheotheroneisindifficultEnglish.Mypronunciationisnotsogoodasyours.Adjectivewordorder•Sometimesadjectivesappearinastring,andwhen