构词法--(完整)

1构词法-派生词派生词多数是由词根（Base）加后缀（Suffixes）构成。构成名词的后缀常用的有下面这些：后缀例词-erthinkerharvesterpain-killereye-opener-oractorsailortransistorsemi-conductor-istMarxistscientistdentistBuddhist-eeemployeetraineerefereetrustee-esshostessactresswaitresslioness-ianmagicianmusiciantechnicianphysician-eseChineseJapanesePortuguesePekinese-antinhabitantcontestantlubricantdependant-ismsocialismracismheroismoptimism-nessillnesshappinessgreatnesscoldness-(a)tiondictationpreparationexceptionrepetition-mentmovementargumentjudgementgovernment-ionexpansiondiscussionrevisiondecision-ingbuildingfeelingpaintingwedding-shipleadershipfriendshipscholarshiphardship-hoodchildhoodfalsehoodlikelihoodmotherhood-ageshortagemarriageleakageshrinkage-urefailurepressurepleasureseizure-domfreedomkingdommartyrdomofficialdom-tyloyaltycrueltysafetypenalty-ityactivityrealityhumiditypossibility-ymodestydifficultydiscoveryinquiry-thtruthwarmthhealthlength-alrefusaldenialapprovalarrival-anceacceptanceallowanceassistancereliance-encedependenceconfidencedifferencereference-fulmouthfulhandfulplatefulbusful-ryjewelrybriberyslaveryrivalry-eerengineermountaineerauctioneerprofiteer-ettecigarettekichenetteusherettedinnerette-letbookletleafletpigletstarlet-atedoctorateconsulateelectoratesulphate构成形容词的后缀常用的有下面形式：后缀例词-fulcheerfulusefulgratefulfaithful-lesscarelesshomelessfearlessmotherless-ishchildishreddishSwedishselfish-iveactivecollectivedecisivedestructive-ouscourageousfamouscontinuouserroneous-ableacceptableagreeableapplicablecomfortable-icrealisticpoetichistoricenergetic-antignorantsignificantdefiantobservant-lyfriendlyleisurelylivelydaily-alcriticalaccidentalcontinualexceptional-yrainyhandythirstydirty-entdifferentdependentconsistentobedient-aryimaginaryrevolutionaryhonorarysecondary-sometroublesomeburdensomelonesometiresome-likechildlikewomanlikewarlikemanlike-engoldenwoodenearthenwoolen-edlandedmoneyedculturedtalented-atefortunateaffectionatecollegiatepassionate-anEuropeanIndianAmericanCanadian注：有些形容词有-ic和-ial两种词尾，意思不尽相同，例如：aclassicperformance难忘的演出classicalmusic古典音乐acomicmasterpiece喜剧杰作comicalbehavior滑稽的举动aneconomicmiracle经济上的奇迹economicalarragement节约的安排ahistoricbuilding有历史意义的建筑historicalresearch史学研究anelectricfan电扇electricalenergy电能此外，还有构成动词、副词和数词的后缀：后缀例词动词-izerealizenormalizemodernizemechanize2-enwidenhastenstrengthenlengthen-ifybeautifysimplifyamplifydiversify-atehyphenateactivatemotivateoriginate副词-lyreallyhappilysimplyterribly-wardonwardbackwardeastwardhomeward-wiselikewiseclockwiseotherwiselengthwise数词-teenfourteenfifteen-tyfortyfifty-thninthtwelfth前缀（prefiles)一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起意思上的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词：前缀意思例词un-不unhappyuntrueuncomfortable做相反动作undressundounpackdis-不dislikedishonestdisagree做相反动作disowndisinfectdisconnectin-不informalinaccurateinconvenientim-不immoralimpoliteimpossibleir-不irregularirresistibleirresponsibleil-不illegalillogicalillegitimatenon-不，非non-existentnon-conductornon-interferencede-向相反方向发展defrostdecentralizedemobilize另外还有一些表示其他意思的前缀：前缀意思例词re-重新retellredesignrewritemis-错误地misspellmisinformmisunderstandco-共同co-existco-operateco-editorcounter-反counteractcounter-attackcounter-revolutionaryanti-反（对），防anti-tankanti-fascistanti-clockwisepro-亲pro-Frenchpro-Britishpro-CommonMarketover-过于overdoover-esitimateoversimplifyunder-不够underfeedunder-estimateunderpayex-前ex-husbandex-presidentex-servicemanpre-预先，之前的prefabricatepre-liberationpre-schoolpost-在……之后的post-warpost-electionpost-graduatefore-预先，前foretellforelegforefrontself-自动，自我self-starterself-serviceself-correctingmal-不良的maltreatmalfunctionmalnutrition3super-超级，上层supermansupermarketsuperstructuresub-下面的subwaysubdividesubconsciousinter-之间的，互相internationalinteractinter-continentaltele-远距离的telescopetelephonetelevisiontrans-跨越，移transatlantictransplanttrans-Siberianpseudo-伪，假pseudoclassicismpseudoscientificpseudointellectualarch-头号的，大的archbishoparch-enemyarchangelmicro-微型，缩微microfilmmicrobiologymicrocomputermini-特小的minibusminiskirtminicabhyper-超，过分hypertensionhyperactivehypersensitiveultra-外，极ultra-violetultra-leftultra-conservativesemi-半semi-circlesemi-finalsemi-conductorvice-副vice-premiervice-chairmanvice-presidentuni-单unicycleunisexunilateralmono-单monoplanemonologuemonosyllabicbi-双bicyclebimonthlybilingualtri-三tricycletriangletripartitemulti-多multi-racialmulti-nationalmultilateralpoly-多polygamypolysemypolytechnicauto-白automationautonomousautobiographyneo-新neo-Nazineo-classicismneo-colonialism有个别前缀可引起词类的变化。en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enslaveendangerenpowerenrageenlargebe-也可以和一些词构成动词：belittlebedimbefriendbeheadbesmear此外，前缀a-可以：1）和名词构成形容词或副词：asleepaboardasideashoreabase2）和一动词构成另一动词，意思有少许变化：ariseawakearouseabide还有out-可以和不及物动词构成及物动词：outshineoutliveoutrunoutvoteoutwit也可构成名词如outcome,outlet,outlook,outlaw等。此外，还有一些次要的前缀。如with-(withdraw,withhold),hemi-(hemisphere,hemicycle),sur-(surcharge,surtax),centi-(centimetre,centigrade),milli-(millimetre,milligram)等.构词法—转化词转换构词法（Conversion）就是由一个词类转换为另一词类或几种词类，产生新的词义。如：water（名）水——water（动）浇水（一）、转换为名词1、动词转换为名词有大量动词可以转换为名词，这些转换的名词一般表示原来的动作或状态，意思没有太大变化，如下面的划线词：4Letmehaveatry.我来试一试。Westoppedtherefor