卡特尔不稳定性及原因

卡特尔不稳定性及成因：第一、市场力量的大小（Thesizeofmarketforces）卡特尔市场力量越大,越有可能从提价中获取超额利润,欺骗的动力就越小。在进出壁垒很低时,协议的高价格带来的高利润将吸引新厂商进入,或者是成员偷偷削价争夺市场,结果导致供过于求,卡特尔的市场力量就会下降,面临的剩余需求曲线在长期弹性很大,不稳定性也较大。Cartelofmarketforces,themorelikelytogettheexcessprofitsfromtheprice,thesmallerthedeceptivepower.Inandoutoflowbarrierstoentry,theprotocolofthehighpricesofthehighprofitswillattractnewcompaniestoenter,oramemberofthesecretprice-cuttingcompetitionforthemarket,resultinginoversupply,marketforceswilldropcartel,theresidualdemandcurvefacingthelong-termveryflexible,havegreaterinstability。第二、内部成员的欺骗动机(Internalmembers’deceptivemotivation)这是一个典型的“囚徒困境”。给定其他企业的生产数量和价格都不变，那么一个成员企业偷偷地增加产量将会获得额外的巨大好处，这会激励成员企业偷偷增加产量，如果每个成员企业都偷偷增加产量，显然市场总供给大量增加，市场价格必然下降，卡特尔限产提价的努力将瓦解Cartelmembershavedeceivedinternalmotivation:ThisisatypicalPrisoner'sDilemma,giventheotherenterpriseproductionquantityandpricearethesame,thenamemberofthefirmsecretlyincreasedproductionwillgetextragreatbenefits,whichwillencouragemembercompaniestoincreaseproductionsecretly,secretlyifeverymembercompaniesareincreasingproduction,apparentlyasignificantincreaseinthetotalmarketsupply,themarketpriceisboundtodecline,thecartel'seffortstolimitproductionpricewillcollapse.第三、组织成本的大小（Thesizeoforganizationalcosts）卡特尔组织成本越低,稳定性就越强。厂商数量很少,行业高度集中,各厂商产品差异性不大,组织成本就会较低。关于最后一点,如果产品差异很大,确定价格时就难以达成一致,随着产品改进又要修订价格,增加调查鉴定和协商等费用。另外,自律组织如商业协会的存在,有助于规范成员行为,形成有效的协调机制,减少沟通成本,也就有利于保持卡特尔的稳定。Cartel,thelowerthecost,stabilitywillbe.Asmallnumberofmanufacturers,theindustryishighlyconcentrated,themanufacturersproductwerenotsignificant,thecostwouldbelessorganized.Onthislastpoint,iftheproductisverydifferent,itisdifficulttodeterminethepriceagreedwiththerevisedpriceofproductimprovementsandalsotoincreasetheidentificationsurveysandconsultationsandotherexpenses.Inaddition,theself-regulatoryorganizationssuchasbusinessassociationsexisttohelpregulatetheconductofmembers,theformationofeffectivecoordinationmechanismstoreducecommunicationcosts,itisconducivetomaintainingthestabilityofthecartel.第四、国际反垄断法（InternationalAntitrustLaw）随着各国政府反垄断法的实施，卡特尔也可能因为违反了政府法律而被迫解体，也正因为如此，许多卡特尔都是国际性卡特尔，以规避国内的反垄断法。Inaddition,asgovernmentsimplementantitrust,cartelsmayalsobebecausethegovernmentviolatedthelawforceddisintegration,butalsobecauseofthis,manycartelsareinternationalcartels,tocircumventdomesticantitrustlaws.