研究生学术综合英语上册Unit1-4课文及翻译全---请叫我雷锋

Unit1PresentingaSpeechStephenLucasOfallhumancreations,languagemaybethemostremarkable.Throughlanguageweshareexperiences,formulatevalues,exchangeideas,transmitknowledge,andsustainculture.Indeed,languageisvitaltothinkingitself.Contrarytopopularbelief,languagedoesnotsimplymirrorrealitybutalsohelpstocreateoursenseofrealitybygivingmeaningtoevents.Goodspeakershaverespectforlanguageandknowhowitworks.Wordsarethetoolsofaspeaker’scraft.Theyhavespecialuses,justlikethetoolsofanyotherprofession.Asaspeaker,youshouldbeawareofthemeaningsofwordsandknowhowtouselanguageaccurately,clearly,vividly,andappropriately.Usinglanguageaccuratelyisasvitaltoaspeakerasusingnumbersaccuratelyistoanaccountant.Neveruseawordunlessyouaresureofitsmeaning.Ifyouarenotsure,lookupthewordinadictionary.Asyouprepareyourspeeches,askyourselfconstantly,“WhatdoIreallywanttosay?WhatdoIreallymean?”Choosewordsthatarepreciseandaccurate.Usinglanguageclearlyallowslistenerstograspyourmeaningimmediately.Youcanensurethisbyusingfamiliarwordsthatareknowntotheaveragepersonandrequirenospecializedbackground;bychoosingconcretewordsinpreferencetomoreabstractones,andbyeliminatingverbalclutter.Usinglanguagevividlyhelpsbringyourspeechtolife.Onewaytomakeyourlanguagemorevividisthroughimagery,orthecreationofwordpictures.Youcandevelopimagerybyusingconcretelanguage,simile,andmetaphor.Simileisanexplicitcomparisonbetweenthingsthatareessentiallydifferentyethavesomethingincommon;italwayscontainsthewords“like”or“as.”Metaphorisanimplicitcomparisonbetweenthingsthataredifferentyethavesomethingincommon;itdoesnotcontainthewords“like”or“as.”Anotherwaytomakeyourspeechesvividisbyexploitingtherhythmoflanguage.Fourdevicesforcreatingrhythmareparallelism,repetition,alliteration,andantithesis.Parallelismisthesimilararrangementofapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orsentences.Repetitionistheuseofthesamewordorsetofwordsatthebeginningorendofsuccessiveclausesorsentences.Alliterationcomesfromrepeatingtheinitialconsonantsoundsofcloseoradjoiningwords.Antithesisisthejuxtapositionofcontrastingideas,usuallyinparallelstructure.Usinglanguageappropriatelymeansadaptingtotheparticularoccasion,audience,andtopicathand.Italsomeansdevelopingyourownlanguagestyleinsteadoftryingtocopysomeoneelse’s.Ifyourlanguageisappropriateinallrespects,yourspeechismuchmorelikelytosucceed.Goodspeechesarenotcomposedofhotairandunfoundedassertions.Theyneedstrongsupportingmaterialstobolsterthespeaker’spointofview.Infact,theskillfuluseofsupportingmaterialsoftenmakesthedifferencebetweenagoodspeechandapoorone.Thethreebasictypesofsupportingmaterialsareexamples,statisticsandtestimony.Inthecourseofaspeechyoumayusebriefexamples—specificinstancesreferredtoinpassing—andsometimesyoumaywanttogiveseveralbriefexamplesinarowtocreateastrongerimpression.Extendedexamples—oftencalledillustrations,narratives,oranecdotes—arelongerandmoredetailed.Hypotheticalexamplesdescribeimaginarysituationsandcanbequiteeffectiveforrelatingideastotheaudience.Allthreekindsofexampleshelptoclarifyideas,toreinforceideas,ortopersonalizeideas.Tobemoreeffective,though,theyshouldbevividandrichlytextured.Statisticscanbeextremelyhelpfulinconveyingyourmessage,aslongasyouusethemsparinglyandexplainthemsotheyaremeaningfultoyouraudience.Aboveall,youshouldunderstandyourstatisticsandusethemfairly.Numberscaneasilybemanipulatedanddistorted.Makesurethatyourfiguresarerepresentativeofwhattheyclaimtomeasure,thatyouusestatisticalmeasurescorrectly,andthatyoutakestatisticsonlyfromreliablesources.Testimonyisespeciallyhelpfulforstudentspeakers,becausetheyareseldomrecognizedasexpertsontheirspeechtopics.Citingtheviewsofpeoplewhoareexpertsisagoodwaytomakeyourideasmorecredible.Whenyouincludetestimonyinaspeech,youcaneitherquotesomeoneverbatimorparaphrasetheirwords.Aswithstatistics,thereareguidelinesforusingtestimony.Besuretoquoteorparaphraseaccuratelyandtocitequalifiedunbiasedsources.Ifthesourceisnotgenerallyknowntoyouraudience,becertaintoestablishhisorhercredentials.Theimpactofaspeechisstronglyaffectedbyhowthespeechisdelivered.Youcannotmakeagoodspeechwithouthavingsomethingtosay.Buthavingsomethingtosayisnotenough.Youmustalsoknowhowtosayit.Gooddeliverydoesnotcallattentiontoitself.Itconveysthespeaker’sideasclearly,interestingly,andwithoutdistractingtheaudience.Therearefourbasicmethodsofdeliveringaspeech:readingverbatimfromamanuscript,recitingamemorizedtext,speakingwithPowerPoint,andspeakingextemporaneously,orimpromptu.Thelastofthese－speakingextemporaneously－isthemethodyouprobablywilluseforclassroomspeechesandformostspeechesoutsidetheclassroom.Whenspeakingextemporaneously,youwillhaveonlyabriefsetofnotesoraspeakingoutline.SpeakingwithPowerPointiswidelyusednowandveryeffectiveindeed.Certainlythereareotherfactorsyoushouldconsider,suchaspersonalappearance,bodilyaction,gestures,eyecontact,volume,pausesandsoon.Bypayingenoughattentiontowhatismentionedabove,youmaypresentaneffectivespeech.第一单元如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人