研究生英语-摘要写作

WritingTitleandAbstractPartsofaPaperoraThesisAcademicpaperThesisTitleTitleAcknowledgementAbstract(keywords)AbstractinChineseAbstractinEnglishContentsBodyofTermpaperBodyofThesisReferencesReferencesAppendix(optional)Appendix(optional)TitleandAbstractinEnglishTitleRequirementsforaGoodTitleItshouldindicatethetopicofthestudyItshouldindicatethescopeofthestudy(i.e.neitheroverstatingnorunderstatingitssignificance)Itshouldbeself-explanatorytoreadersinthechosenarea--SwalesandFeak(1994)1.GeneralizethepaperAtitleshouldsummarizethecentralideaofthepaperconciselyandcorrectlyAnimportantmarkofthedifferencebetweenthispaperandtheothersGeneralFunctions2.AttractthereadersAninterestingtitlemaydrawparticularattentionamongprofessionals3.FacilitatetheretrievalAgoodtitlecanhelpthereadersintheirsearchforinformation①Usemorenouns,nounphrasesandgerundsThewordsorphrasesusedinatitleareveryoftennouns,nounphrasesorgerunds.Nominalizationhastheabilitytosumupthewholepaper.LinguisticFeatures②UseanincompletesentenceAtitleisjustalabelorappellationofthepaper,reflectingthemainideaofthecontents.Itdoesnotneedtobeacompletesentence.Example:AfastandaccuratesinglefrequencyestimatorThestatisticalperformanceofsomeinstantaneousfrequencyestimators③OmissionsofcertainwordsArticles(a,an,the),andadjectivepronouns(his,my,etc.)LinguisticStructures①Nounphrase②Prepositionalphrase③Nounphrase+prepositionalphrase④Nounphrase+infinitive⑤Nounphrase+presentparticiplephrase⑥Nounphrase+pastparticiplephrase⑦Title+subtitle⑧Sentence①BebriefandconciseDescribethecentralideacorrectlyusingthefewestwords.Thetitleshouldideallyberestrictedtoabout15-20words.WritingRequirements②BespecificAgeneralandabstracttitleshouldbeavoided.③AvoidquestiontitlesAquestiontitlealwaysincludessomeredundantquestionwordsandmarks.Suchatitlecreatesinconvenienceforinformationretrieval.④BeunifiedTheparallelpartsshouldbegrammaticallysymmetrical.⑤BestandardNon-standardabbreviationsandsymbols,and/oranytermsorphraseologyintelligibleonlytothespecialistshouldbeavoided.①PerformanceComparisonofTwoRoutingProtocolsforAdHocNetworks②ANewFrequencyDomainScramblingSystemWhichDoesNotRequireFrameSynchronization③HandoffAnalysisoftheCellularSystemTitleSampleAnalysisBeingconciseandeasytounderstand,itfunctionsperfectly,withasmallnumberofwordstointroducethemaincontentofthepaper.Itisnotconcise,foritcontainsasubordinateclause,whichisusuallynotencouraged.ANewFrequencyDomainScramblingSystemNotRequiringFrameSynchronizationToogeneralandabstracttoindicatethetopicoftheresearchPerformanceAnalysisofFlexibleHierarchicalCellularSystemswithaBandwidth-EfficientHandoffScheme④Ontheadditiontothemethodofmicroscopicresearchbyanewwayofproducingcolor-contrastbetweenanobjectanditsbackgroundorbetweendefinitepartsoftheobjectitselfAnewwayofproducingcolor-contrastinmicroscopicexaminationCapitalizationinthetitle①Capitalizealltheletterseg.GROWTHMECHANISMOFWHISKERSANDTREATMENTFORDEFECT②Capitalizethefirstletterofthetitleandanypropernouns(专有名词)eg.Growthmechanismofwhiskersandtreatmentfordefectremoval③Capitalizethefirstwordandallwordsexceptarticles(冠词),coordinatingconjunctions(并列连词)andprepositions(介词)of4lettersorfewereg.GrowthMechanismofWhiskersandTreatmentforDefectRemoval①土壤的物理特性与作物产量的关系②利用植物清除土壤中的重金属③网络环境下的信息素质教育④三峡水电站自动发电控制的研究⑤构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系⑥科研论文标题英译的简约与冗余⑦现代信息工具在科技英语翻译中的应用Translatethefollowingtitles①Relationshipbetweensoilphysicalpropertiesandcropproduction②Utilizationofplantstoremoveheavymetalsfromsoils③InformationQualityEducationundertheNetworkEnvironment④AGC(AutomaticGenerationControl)inThreeGorgesHydropowerPlant⑤ConstructionofStreamlineELTSysteminChina⑥BrevityandRedundancyinTranslatingHeadlinesofResearchPapers⑦ApplicationofmodeminformationtoolsintranslationoftechnicalEnglishForReferenceAbstractDefinitionofAbstractAsummaryoftheimportantpointsinvestigatedandresultsfoundinanextendedpieceofwriting.Aminiaturereportthatcondensesthemostimportantinformationincludedinareport,aresearchpaper,adissertationorothertechnicaldocuments.Itbrieflyincludes:1)theobjectivesandscopeofinvestigation;2)themethodsused;3)themostimportantresults;4)theconclusionorrecommendation.FormalizedStructureOpeningsentenceBackgroundObjectivesOneortwosentencesgivingthepurposeofthework.SupportingsentencesmethodsOneortwosentencesexplainingwhatwasdone.resultsOneortwosentencesindicatingthemainfindings.ConcludingsentenceConclusionOnesentencegivingthemostimportantconsequenceoftheworkGeneralFunctions1.MiniaturizethetextAshort,conciseandhighlygeneralizedtextAmini-versionofthetext,summarizingthecontentofthemainbody2.Decide“yes”or“no”Enablereaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentmorequicklyandconveniently,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterest,andfinallytodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthewholedocument.Animportantguidefortheconferenceparticipantstodeterminewhichsessiontheyaregoingtoattend.4.ExpandthecirculationMorewidelyreadthanthepaperitself,thusproducingwideranddeeperacademicinfluence3.FacilitateinformationretrievalRecorded,sometimesverbatim,byvariousabstr