武汉大学博士英语结课考试

一、段落分析Concept-defining(一)Content内容（fromparagraphlevel）1Topic话题（特点general笼统）2Aspect(supportingsentence)frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理fromidea/mentalitytobehavior从思想到行为fromtechnologytosocietyfromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济结构3Perspective(pointofview)角度+Keywords=thesis论点+evidence论据=theme主题（mainidea）+aspects方面4Form/Function形式（passagelevel）Structure:theorganizationofthewholearticleIntroduction(what)Body(why)Conclusion(how)(二)Paragraphdevelopment1Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2Method针对所选用的skill的方法1)topicorder2)causalorder=causeandeffect3)spatialorder=spaceorder4)chronologicalorder=timeorder5)problemandsolution6)meansandends7)processandresult8)classification9)hierarchicalstructure分层次、等级的(fromleasttomost)10)antithesis对偶、排比11)progression递进(agradualprocessofchangeordevelopingoverperiodoftime)12)comparison(相似)andcontrast(差异)对比3Logicrelationship(frompassagelevel)(what,why,how)1)Causeandeffect因果关系=why&how2)Meansandends=processandpurpose=how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/ideaandreason(introduction)=what&why4)Problemandsolution=what&how5)Example=how(三)DevelopingParagraph/Body(正文/主体)1Unity(一致性)—topicsentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2Development(发展性)—supportingsentencesnomorethan5aspects论据是否充分CommonMethodsofDevelopment1)exemplification例证2)facts事实3)citation引证4)comparisonandcontrast比较与对比5)analysis分析6)classification分类3Coherence(连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)fromthemostimportanttotheleastimportantorviceverse由重到轻，反之亦然3)generalprinciplebyclassification:总原则（分类）frommaterialtospiritualaspects从物质到精神fromphysicaltopsychologicalaspects从身体到心理fromindividualtosocialaspects从个体到社会fromoneselftoothers从自身到他人fromdirecttoindirectaspects从直接到间接fromphysicalenvironmenttoeconomicandsocialstructure从地理环境到社会经济结构第一课的第三段：OursecondmajordiscoverywasthattheInformationMarketplacewilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale.Besidesitsmanyusesincommerce,officework,andmanufacturing,itwillalsoimprovehealthcare,providenewwaystoshop,enableprofessionalandsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatethethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Itwillhelpuspursueoldandnewpleasures,anditwillencouragenewartforms,whichmaybecriticizedbutwillmoveartforward,asnewtoolshavealwaysdone.Itwillalsoimproveeducationandtraining,firstinspecificandestablishedwaysandlaterthroughbreakthroughsthatareconfidentlyawaited.Humanorganizationsfromtinycompaniestoentirenationalgovernmentswillbenefittoo,becausesomuchoftheworktheydoisinformationwork.TopicEffect/InfluencePerspectiveHumanandorganizationsAspectHuman:fromphysicaltopsychologicalOrganization:fromindividualtosocialKeywordsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)ByclassificationQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第一课的第十二段：ThewiseeyewillalsoseethattheInformationMarketplaceismuchinfluentialthanitsparts—theinterfaces,middlewareandpipesthatmakeupthethree-storybuildingonwhichwestand.Oncetheyareintegrated,theypresentamuchgreaterpower—thepowertopreventanasthmaticfromdyinginaremotetowninAlaska,toenableanunemployedbankloanofficertofindandsucceedatanewformofwork,toallowahusbandandwifetorevelintheaccomplishmentsofadistantdaughterwhilealsoprovidingemotionalandfinancialsupport.Thesepowersarefargreaterthantheabilitytosendane-mailmessage,ortohavefivehundredTVchannels.TopicPowerPerspectivePhysiologysafetyandBelongingnessAspectFrommaterialtospiritualKeywordsSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)HierarchicalstructureQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第八课的第一段：Countlessculturesaroundtheworldhavedisappeared,alongwiththeirmythologies.InMesoamerica,dozensofornateMayantemplesliemute,asdoanuntoldnumberofIncanmonumentsinPeru,CelticcairnsinWales,KhmerstatuesinCambodia,andmagnificentziggurat-likestructuresincentralAfrica.TopicculturePerspectiveworldAspectFrommaterialaspectsKeywordsCulture,mythologies;Mayantemples,Incanmonuments,Celticcairns,Khmerstatues,Ziggurat-likestructuresSkill(s)ByexampleMethod(s)InspatialorderQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandHow第八课的第四段：Itislikelythatchangesintheforestoccurredoverdecadesandwouldhavebeendifficulttodetectimmediately.Anislandermighteasilyhavemissedthelong-termtrend,thinking:“Thisyearweclearedthosewoodsoverthere,buttreesarestartingtogrowbackagainoverhere.”Furthermore,anyislanderwhoissuedawarningagainsttheoncomingdisasterwouldhavebeensilencedbytherulingclass.Chiefs,priests,andstonecarversalldependedonthestatusquotoretaintheirpositionsandprivileges.TopiccivilizationPerspectiveEasterIslandersAspectFromideatobehaviorKeywordsChange;Longtermtrend,warning,statusquoSkill(s)ByquotationandstatementMethod(s)ByclassificationQuestion(LogicRelationship)WhatandWhy第八课的第六段：Humanitymaynotactintimetopreventthedecimationoftherainforests,fossilfuels,arableland,andfisheries.Inonly40years,Ethiopia’sforestcovershrankfrom30%to1%.Duringthesametimeperiod,therestoftheworldlosthalfofitsrainforests.Powerfuldecision-makinggroupsignor