供应链设计与管理考试重点

1/13GIVEYOURLIFECHALLENGES题型：各20分判断题名词解释题简答题论述题案列分析题(无标准答案，谈自己观点)Chapter1.IroductiontoSupplyChainManagement供应链管理介绍1.【supplychain】供应链定义Thesystemofsuppliers,manufacturers,transportation,distributors,andvendorsthatexiststotransformrawmaterialstofinalproductsandsupplythoseproductstocustomers.【supplychainmanagement】SCMisasetofapproachesutilized（利用）toefficientlyintegrate整合的；完全的suppliers,manufacturers,warehouses,andstores,sothatmerchandisen.商品；货物isproducedanddistributedattherightquantities,totherightlocations,andattherighttime.Inordertominimizesystemwidecostswhilesatisfyingservicelevelrequirements.2.【Whatmakessupplychainmanagementdifficult?】供应链难度原因Supplychainstrategiescannotbedeterminedinisolation.Theyaredirectlyaffectedbyanotherchainthatmostorganizationshave,thedevelopmentchain(供应链管理战略不能孤立地考虑。它们直接受大多数组织都具有的另一链---开发链).Itischallengingtodesignandoperateasupplychainsothattotalsystemwidecostsareminimized,andsystemwideservicelevelsaremaintained.（为了使系统综合成本最小化并维持系统的服务水平，设计与运作一条供应链极具挑战性）Uncertaintyandriskareinherentadj.固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的ineverysupplychain.（不确定性和风险存在于每一条供应链中）3.【StrategiesforSCM】供应链管理策略GlobalOptimization（全局优化）ManagingUncertainty（管理不确定性）4.【WhyisGlobalOptimizationHard?】全局优化很难Thesupplychainisacomplexnetwork.供应链是个复杂的网络Differentfacilities设施、工具inthesupplychainfrequentlyhavedifferent,conflictingobjectives.供应链的不同环节通常具有不同甚至冲突的目标Thesupplychainisadynamicsystemthatevolves进化、进展overtime供应链是一个动态系统，会随着时间不断发展.Systemvariationsovertimearealsoimportantconsideration系统随时间变化也是一个重要的因素5.【WhyIsUncertaintyHardtoDealWith?】管理不确定性(原因)Matchingsupplyanddemandisamajorchallenge.匹配供应与需求是主要的挑战Forecastingdoesn’tsolvetheproblem.预测不解决问题Inventoryandback-orderlevelstypicallyfluctuate波动considerablyacrossthesupplychain,evenwhencustomerdemandforspecificproductsdoesnotvary变化greatly.供应链中库存和缺货水平波动也会很大Demandisnottheonlysourceofuncertainty.需求并不是影响不确定性的唯一因素Recenttrendssuchasleanmanufacturing,outsourcing,andoffshoringthatfocusonreductionincreaseriskssignificantly.近来致力于降低成本的精益生产、外包和离岸化都明显增大了风险2/13GIVEYOURLIFECHALLENGES6.【Thethreeprinciplesofallforecastingtechniques】预测三个原则（属于Chapter2.的内容）Forecastingisalwayswrong.Thelongertheforecasthorizon范围,theworsetheforecast.Aggregate聚合的forecastsaremoreaccurate.Chapter2.InventoryManagement,SupplyContractsandRiskPooling1.【何时低（高）于平均需求】与边际成本有关Ifthecostofnotsellinganadditionalunitislargerthantheprofitfromsellinganadditionalunit,theoptimalquantityingeneralwillbelessthanaveragedemand,whileifthereverse相反istrue,theoptimalorderquantityingeneralwillbegreaterthanaveragedemand.2.【平均需求与最优订货量的关系】Theoptimalorderquantityisnotnecessarilyequaltoaverage,orforecastdemand.3.【Coefficientofvariation】变异系数Coefficient系数ofvariation（标准差/平均需求）TheStandarddeviationmeasurestheabsolutevariabilityofcustomerdemands客户的绝对变化的要求,thecoefficientofvariationmeasuresvariability可变性relativetoaveragedemand.4.【RiskPooling:threecriticalpoints】重点：衡量风险分担(变异系数)的要点Centralizinginventorycontrolreducesbothsafetystockandaverageinventorylevelforthesameservicelevel.集中库存Thehigherthecoefficientofvariation,thegreaterthebenefitobtainedfromcentralizedsystems集中式系统;thatis,thegreaterthebenefitfromriskPooling.变异系数越大、收益越大。ThebenefitsfromriskPoolingdependonthebehaviorofdemandfromonemarketrelativetodemandfromanother.5.【ForecastingMethods】预测方法自己仔细看Judgmentmethods（判断方法）Marketresearchmethods（市场研究方法）TimeSeriesmethods（时间序列方法）Causalmethods（因果方法）以上为定性方法，为定量方法。（不考定量、考定性。）6.【InventoryManagement’scontrollingmethods】Continuousreviewpolicy（持续检查策略）Periodicreviewpolicy（定期检查策略）7.【(s,S)Policy】Whenevertheinventorypositiondropsbelowacertainlevel,s,weordertoraisetheinventorypositiontolevelS.(s,S)的计算：Thereorderpoint(s)hastwocomponents双组分:a.Toaccountforaveragedemandduringleadtime:LTAVGLT提前期；AVG需求的平均值b.Toaccountfordeviationsfrom（与…有偏差）average(wecallthissafetystock):zSTDSTD需求的标准差wherezischosenfromstatisticaltablestoensurethattheprobability（概率）ofstockouts（无缺货）duringleadtimeis100%-SL.Sincethereisafixedcost,weordermorethanuptothereorderpoint（订货点）:Q=Thetotalorder-up-tolevelis:S=Q+s3/13GIVEYOURLIFECHALLENGES注：AVG=averagedailydemand平均每日的需求STD=standarddeviationofdailydemand日常需求的标准偏差LT=replenishmentleadtimeindaysh=holdingcostofoneunitforoneday一天的一个单位成本SL=servicelevel(forexample,95%).ThisimpliesthattheprobabilityofStockingoutis100%-SL(forexample,5%)K=fixedcostAlso,theInventoryPositionatanytimeistheactualinventoryplusitemsalreadyordered,butnotyetdelivered.8.【JudgmentMethods】判断方法Assemble[ə'sɛmbl]（聚合）theopinionofexpertsSales-forcecompositecombinessalespeople’sestimates（销售人员汇集意见）Panelsofexperts（专家小组）–internal,external,both（专家座谈）Delphimethod（德尔菲方法）：a.Eachmembersurveyedb.Opinionsarecompiledv.编辑c.Eachmemberisgiventheopportunitytochangehisopinion.9.【SupplyContracts】重点Buy-BackContracts（回购合同）:Theselleragreestobuybackunsoldgoodsfromthebuyerforsomeagreed-uponpricehigherthanthesalvagevalue（残值）.Revenue-SharingContracts（收入共享合同）:Thebuyersharessomeofitsrevenuewiththeseller,inreturnforadiscountonthewholesaleprice.GlobalOptimizationContracts（全局优化合同）:Thisunbiased（公正的）decisionmakerwouldconsiderthetwosupp