Ch01-The-Fundamentals-of-Economics-20120227-moring

Ourclimbingisbeginningnow!Challengeyourself!Course:MicroeconomicsInstructor:Leon([e-mail])Chapter1TheFundamentalsofEconomics作者简介保罗萨缪尔森（PaulASamuelson(1915-2009)，1970年诺贝尔奖获得者，他发展了数理和动态经济理论，将经济科学提高到新的水平。萨缪尔森编写本书，自而1948年问世以来就广受赞誉，先后被翻译成40多种文字出版，是有史以来发行量最大、至今在全球范围内仍然被广泛采用的经济学教科书。经济研究与文献查阅报纸《经济学消息报》《经济观察报》《南方周末》《21世纪经济报道》《中国经营报》《第一财经日报》……相关网站——《经济学家》——《华尔街日报》——《金融时报》——美国国家经济分析局（NBER）——人大经济论坛——北京大学中国经济研究中心——经济学阶梯教室——国务院研究发展中心微观经济学基础（英文）MainPointsofChapter1A.INTRODUCTIONForwhomthebelltollsScarcityandefficiency:ThetwinthemesofEconomicsMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsThelogicofeconomicsCoolheadsattheserviceofwarmheartsB.THETHREEPROBLEMSOFECONOMICORGANIZATIONMarket,command,andmixedeconomyC.Society’stechnologicalpossibilitiesInputsandoutputsTheProduction-PossibilityFrontierEarlierQuestions1.WhystudyEconomics？2.WhatisEconomics？3.WhatarethethemesofEconomics？4.WhatarethetwobranchesofEconomics？5.WhatisEconomics'logic？6.WhatarethreeproblemsofEconomicsorganization？7.What’sthePPF?A.IntroductionWhystudyEconomics?Thereisoneoverridingreasonforlearningthebasiclessonsofeconomics:Allyourlife-fromcradletograveandbeyond-youwillrunupagainstthebrutaltruthsofeconomics(你永远无法回避无情的经济学真理).Withoutstudyingeconomics,youcannotbefullyinformedaboutinternationaltrade,theeconomicimpactoftheInternet,orthetradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.runupagainst:意外地遇到困难，偶遇ScarcityandEfficiency:theTwinThemesofEconomicsEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesusescarceresourcestoproducevaluablecommoditiesanddistributethemamongdifferentpeople.Behindthisdefinitionaretwokeyideasineconomics:thatgoodsarescarceandthatsocietymustuseitsresourcesefficiently.Whatiseconomics?Eden!AworldwithoutscarcityscarcityUtopiadoesn’texist!Oursisaworldofscarcity,fullofeconomicsgoods.Asituationofscarcityisoneinwhichgoodsarelimitedrelativetodesires.Whatisscarcity?人的欲望能否满足？——请看：终日奔波只为饥方才一饱便思衣衣食两般皆俱足又想娇容美貌妻取得美妻生下子恨无天地少根基买到田园多广阔出入无船少马骑槽头扣了骡和马叹无官职被人欺县丞主簿还嫌小又要朝中挂紫衣作了皇帝求仙术更想登天跨鹤飞若要世人心里足除是南柯一梦西Giveunlimitedwants,itisimportantthataneconomymakethebestuseofitslimitedresources.Thatbringsustothecriticalnotionofefficiency.Efficiencydenotesthemosteffectiveuseofasociety’sresourcesinsatisfyingpeople’swantsandneeds.NowVS.FutureEfficiencyVS.EthicIneconomies,wesaythataneconomyisproducingefficientlywhenitcannotmakeanyoneeconomicallybetteroffwithoutmakingsomeoneelseworseoff.PolluteorNot?Theessenceofeconomicsistoacknowledgetherealityofscarcityandthenfigureouthowtoorganizesocietyinawaywhichproducesthemostefficientuseofresources.MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics亚当.斯密通常被认为是微观经济学的创始人。Microeconomicsisconcernedwiththebehaviorofindividualentitiessuchasmarkets,firms,andhouseholds.AdamSmith“theinvisiblehand(看不见的手)”Marketofmechanism(市场机制)Self-interested（自利）MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics现代意义上的宏观经济学出现的标志是1935年凯恩斯发表的《Generaltheoryofemployment,interest,andmoney》。Macroeconomicsisconcernedwiththeoverallperformanceoftheeconomy.MaynardKeynesInhisnewtheoryKeynesdevelopedananalysisofwhatcausesbusinesscycles,withalternating(交替的，轮流的)spells(持续一段时间)ofhighunemploymentandhighinflation.凯恩斯的理论展示了一个探讨高通胀和高失业交替攀升的商业周期的根源的分析范式。microeconomicsmacroeconomicseconomicsThetwobranches-microeconomicsandmacroeconomics-convergetoformthecoreofmoderneconomicsThelogicofeconomicsEconomiclifeisverycomplicated.Howdoeconomistsgoabouttheirtask?ThelogicofeconomicsEconomistsusethescientificapproachtounderstandeconomiclife.Thisinvolvesobservingeconomicaffairsanddrawinguponstatisticsandthehistoricalrecord.Economistsreliesuponanalysesandtheories.Economistshavedevelopedaspecializedtechniqueknownaseconometrics,whichappliesthetoolofstatisticstoeconomicproblems.observingdrawinguponeconomicaffairsstatisticsandthehistoricalrecord.analysesandtheoriesAbstracttheoreticalmodelEconometricsExperienceanalysisEasytobeanyoungeconomist?Thecommonfallaciesencounteredineconomicreasoning1.Theposthocfallacy.Itoccurswhenweassumethat,becauseoneeventoccurredbeforeanotherevent,thefirsteventcausedthesecondevent.Thecommonfallaciesencounteredineconomicreasoning2.Failuretoholdotherthingsconstant.Remembertoholdotherthingsconstantwhenyouareanalyzingtheimpactofavariableontheeconomicsystem.Thecommonfallaciesencounteredineconomicreasoning3.Thefallacyofcomposition.Whenyouassumethatwhatistrueforthepartisalsotrueforthewhole,youarecommittingthefallacyofcomposition.CoolheadsattheserviceofwarmheartsTheultimategoalofeconomicscienceistoimprovethelivingconditionsofpeopleintheireverydaylives.2009获奖者埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆CoolheadsattheserviceofwarmheartsSocietymustfindtherightbalancebetweenthedisciplineofthemarketandthecompassionofgovernmentsocialprograms.Byusingcoolheadstoinformourwarmhearts,economicsciencecandoitspartinensuringaprosperousandjustsociety.2009获奖者埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆B.ThethreeproblemsofeconomicorganizationWhatHowForwhomB.Thethreeproblemsofeconomi