量子信息讲座第四讲量子密码通信

31997-11-19,1998-03-103(,100080),.,.,,QUANTUMCRYPTOGRAPHYWuLing-An(Lab.ofOpticalPhysics,InstituteofPhysics,TheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100080)AbstractQuantumcryptographyisbaseduponHeisenbergsuncertaintyprinciplewhichguaranteesthatnoeavesdroppercanescapedetection.Thebasicprinciplesofquantumkeydistribu2tionareexplainedandareviewpresentedofcurrentexperimentalresearchinthefield.Keywordscryptography,quantumkeydistribution,uncertaintyrelation11917,Zimmerman,,.,,.,Colossus.,,,.,,,.,..2.MGk,C:Gk(M)=C,,M:Gk-1(C)=M.K,,K.,CIPHER3,FLSKHU,K=3.3445.,,,,.1.,,Alice,BobEve,A,BE.1,.,,,.(vernam).,,.,.70,DiffieHellman,.,,(,).AB,B,,BK.K,AK,.,,.,,,,,vernam,.,,.,1977,1296465,41016.1994,8.,.,(,uncertaintyprinciple).3,,.,.Wiesner,1970,,,,,1983[1].,BennettBrassard54527(1998)9,.1984,,,BB84[2],.1992,BennettBB84,B92[3].Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen(EPR),Ekert1991,EPR[4].,.,,,,,,.BB84.,,:(i)(0,1)(1,0);(ii)1/2(1,1)1/2(1,-1)(iii)1/2(1,i)1/2(i,1).,45,.,.,,,.,,,,45,,50%.,,,.,A,B,E,EA,B,:,A,B,,.0,1,0450,901351.AB0,45,90135.B,.,AB,A.,,B.B(),AB,.1.(1)AB;(2)B,;(3)B();1BB841/|\||\/|\//2++++++3|\|\/\||/4510101060171100645(4)B,A;(5)A,B,;(6)B,A;(7)A,.46,,A,B.A.,.,.vernam,A,B,,.4E,,.,.,B,B.E,,B,BA,50%E,.,B,B50%A.A,B,25%.,E.A,BM=100,E(3/4)M,310-13.,,100%,AB,,.,,,E.10%,.,.,,1.A,B,,;,,,.E,.,,,.A,B,,.,,.,,.,,,.,,011.,A,B50%(),1/20.,,AB,.BB84,BB84.,.2,A,BMach2Zehnder(MZ),A,B.A,,.B,.BB=0,A=0(),74527(1998)92(,0,1;A,BA,B),().B=/2,,,.,AA(0,)(/2,3/2),BB0/2.A0/2A0,3/21,B1,0.A,B/23/2,A,B,.5BB84,A,.B92[3],A0,450,1,B,B90135.,BA(50%),;45,50%.,B,.,B90(135),A45(0),1(0).BA,.BB84,,,25%.61991,Ekert,[4].EPREPR,1/2(-1/2),,-1/2(1/2).EPR,.1964,Bell[5],,.,Bell,.EPR,.A,B.BB84,A,B,845.,(EPR),Bell.,,;,,,.90,,,,..71989,BennettBrassard[6],3.3(L;F;Q;P1P2P3;W;D1,D0)5s,011,1/20.,A.,,0,1.32cm,4%,(10105),610-171,,.10,,.,..BB84,MZ,,A,B.113m,,.199310km,.(BritishTelecomLaboratories).1995,,10km30km115%4%,700260[7].4,,1,01.EPR,He-Cd44116nmLiIO3,,A,BMZ,417km[8].A0/2,B0-/2.02,A,B,,.,,.,,94527(1998)94(S;Q;Y;A,B;DGe).,,,.,BB84,1993111km113m,0154%,199523km,314%[9].,.JohnsHopkins,BB84,He-Ne,,1km014%,.,,,200,2%,1kHz[10].LosAlamos,MZ,113m,B92.A0/2,B3/2.,,48km,112%,205m[11].SanDiego,,[12],.,.1995,BB84[13].B92[14],.,[15].,,,.8,.A,B,,,A,,.,,,.,,.,,,.,.,,.,,,.,055(),.,,.,..[1]S.Wiesner,SIGACTNews,15(1983),78.[2]C.H.Bennett,G.Brassard,Proc.IEEEInternat.Conf.onComputers,SystemsandSignalProcessing,Bangalore,NewYork,IEEE,(1984).[3]C.C.Bennett,Phys.Rev.Lett.,68(1992),3121.[4]A.K.Ekert,Phys.Rev.Lett.,67(1991),661.[5]J.S.Bell,Physics,1(1964),195.[6]C.H.Bennettetal.,J.Cryptol.,5(1992),3.[7]C.Marand,P.D.Iownsend,Opt.Lett.,20(1995),1695.[8]A.K.Ekert,J.G.Rarity,P.R.Tapsteretal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.,69(1992),1293.[9]A.Muller,H.Zbinden,N.Gisin,Europhys.Lett.,33(1996),335.[10]J.D.Franson,B.C.Jacobs,Electron.Lett.,31(1995),232;B.C.Jacobs,J.D.Franson,Opt.Lett.,21(1996),1854.[11]R.J.Hughesetal.,Contemp.Phys.,36(1995),149.[12]P.C.Sun,Y.Mazurenko,Y.Fainman,Opt.Lett.,20(1995),1062.[13],,1(1995),41.[14],,(1997).[15]ZhangXiaoyu,GuoGuangcan,Chin.Phys.Lett.,13(1996),277;ShiBaosen,GuoGuangcan,Chin.Phys.Lett.,14(1997),521.199810LiTaO3();().();();();();();().().X();().().();().().15527(1998)9