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0目录一.主谓一致……………………………………………………1二.含否定式的比较……………………………………………4三.定语从句……………………………………………………5四.名词性从句…………………………………………………10五.情态动词……………………………………………………14六.虚拟语气……………………………………………………20七.倒装…………………………………………………………25八.反意疑问句…………………………………………………29九.反意疑问句疑难……………………………………………31十.名词的用法…………………………………………………34十一.名词的疑难问题……………………………………………0十二.数词…………………………………………………………41十三.时态…………………………………………………………43十四.冠词的用法…………………………………………………51十五.代词…………………………………………………………56十六.现在分词……………………………………………………62十七.过去分词……………………………………………………66十八.动名词………………………………………………………69十九.不定式………………………………………………………73二十.非谓语动词小结……………………………………………81廿一.独立结构……………………………………………………84廿二.更正…………………………………………………………871主谓一致一、语法形式上的一致关系(一)and(conj)连接两个并列的主语:小结:(1)and(conj)连接两个并列主语时,一般应视为复数。(2)当两个并列主语指同一种(类)东西或同一身份的人时,且and后的名词前通常无冠词,此时谓语动词应选单数。(3)并列主语前被no,every,each,manya修饰时,谓语用单数。(4)如并列主语指成双成对的物品时,谓语动词用单数形式。(二)句中含附加成份(或插入语),就远原则小结:主语是单数形式,后面跟有(together)with,aswellas,ratherthan,except,besides,alongwith...等插入语,无论这些插入语后是带复数形式还是单数形式,谓语动词选用单数.(三)就近原则(1)两个主语用or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…等连接,谓语应与相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。(2)在thereis,hereis或其它状语提前的倒装句中,谓语动词形式亦应体现就近原则。二、意义上的一致(一)表示时间、价格、距离、长度、重量、等复数和名词(词组)作主语可视为整体概念,谓语动词可用单数。例如:(1)Fiveyearsisneededtorealizetheplan.(2)Amillionpoundsisalargesumofmoney.(3)Twentymileswascoveredinasinglenight.(二)作主语用的集体名词:class,family,team,group,village,crew,crowd,committee等若将其看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数,若看作若干个体,谓语则可用复数,例如:2(1)Thecommitteeismadeupofsevenmembers.(2)Thecommitteewereunanimous(全体一致的)intheiropinion.(3)Thereis(are)acrowdofpeopleinthepark.(三)一些形式上是单数,意义上是复数的名词如:people,public,police,cattle,militia(民兵)等作主语时,谓语一般用复数。例如:(1)Thereweremanypeoplepresentatthegathering.(2)Thepolicearelookingforthecriminal(罪犯).(3)Thecattle(牛群)aregrazinginthefields.注:当public强调整体时,police指警方时,谓语动词也可用单数。(1)Thepublicisthebestjudge.(2)Thepoliceisofferingarewardtoanyonewhocangiveinformationaboutthelostboy.(四)一些形式上是复数,意义上是单数的名词作主语,如physics,news,means,politics,mathematics,theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations等,谓语应视为单数,而另一组如trousers,glasses,clothes,scissors(剪刀),shoes等形式上是复数,意义上是单数的名词作主语时,谓语则用复数。(注:当这些名词前有apairof时,谓语用单数)如:(1)Everymeanshasbeentried.(2)TheUnitedStatesisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld.(3)Mytrousersarebeingwashed.注:means被all所修饰时,动词用复数。三、其它情况的主谓一致:(一)动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句作主语,谓语动词可用单数。(二)what和all引导的从句的数往往取决于后面的成份。如:(1)WhatIboughtwasleather.(2)Whathehasarethebooksonthetable.(3)AllIneedisknowledge.(4)Allshehasgotarethosegifts.3注:当从句表示所说的话、所做的事这一概念时,谓语动词应视为单数。如:(1)Whathesaidistrue.(2)Whathesaidhasleftusmuchtothinkabout.(三)all,some,most,percent,half,part,none,及分数做主语,要根据它们后面所修饰的词决定谓语的数,如修饰的是可数名词复数,则谓语动词用复数,如是不可数名词谓语动词用单数。(四)something,anything,nothing,somebody,nobody,everybody,either,neither,each等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词应用单数。(五)“定冠词the+某些形容词(或过去分词),表示一类人时,动词要用复数,若指东西或思维活动时,通常被看作单数:(六)“thenumberof”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,“anumberof”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。4含否定式的比较nomorethan=onlynotmorethan=atmostnomore...than=not…anymorethan和……一样不notmore...than=notso…as…没有到……程度nolessthan=asmuch/manyas多达notlessthan=atleast最少noless...than=as…as…和……一样notless...than=至少不比……差,也许更……Hehasnomorethan10dollars.=onlyHehasnotmorethan10dollars.=atmostHeisnomoremadthanIam.=Heisnotmad,noramI.=HeisnotmadanymorethanI.HeisnotmoremadthanIam.=HeisnotsomadasI.(I比He更…)Hehasnolessthan10dollars.多达=asmuchasHehasnotlessthan10dollars.=Hehasatleast10dollar.最少Heisnolessrichthanhissister.=asrichasHeisnotlessrichthanhissister.=Heisasrichas,orricherthan,hissister.5定语从句(形容词从句)一、定语从句的概念:1、中文的定语通常放在名词前,由……的表示,一本好的书(有时“的”可省略)2、英语的定语则有好几种:(1)前置定语:由形容词、名词、现在分词、过去分词、动名词构成。例如:agoodbook;achemistrybook;asleepingboyabrokencar;asleepingcar(共同点:一个词)(2)后置定语:由介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、构成。例如:thebookonthedesk;thepipestocarrywatertheboytalkingtohim;thewindowbrokenyesterday这种定语通常由好几个词构成,放前面会造成混乱。(3)定语从句-----后置定语thebookwhichisredismybrother's.用一个句子来修饰前面的一个名词或代词,这个句子称为定语从句,而这一名词或代词称为先行词.二、先行词与定词从句的连接:1、先行词与从句之间用关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose及关系副词when,where,why,how连接。2、关系代词及副词代替先行词,同时在定语从句中充当一个语法成分。例如:TheplacewhichIvisitedlastyearisShanghai.这里which代替place,做visit的宾语三、具体用法:1、(1)that代替人或物a.Abusisamachinethatcanrun.b.Doyouknowtheboythatisspeakingatthemeeting?6(2)当that在句子中充当宾语时可省略。Isthisthedriver(that)youtalkedabout.(3)下列情况一定要用that做关系代词。a.序数词、最高级修饰先行词及only。例:ThefirstnovelthatIreadwasaninterestingone.ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.TheonlypenthatIhaveisanoldone.b.不定式代词做先行词:all,everything,nothing,anythingAllthatyousaidisright.Hetoldmeeverythingthatwasinteresting.c.先行词有两个分别表示人或物。Theoldmanandthedogthatyouaretakingcareofareintheroom.注:关系代词在从句中做主词时,从句谓语与人称先行词要一致。例:Theyareworkersthatareworkinghard.2.which(1)指物(可用that代替)Theshopwhich(that)sellsapplesisoverthere.(2)一定要用which的情况。a.在介词后做宾语Thisistheroominwhichtheylive.b.引导非限制定语从句Thestemsofbambooarehollow,whichmakethemverylight.3.who,whom,whose的用法:(1)who代替人,做主语、现代英语也可代whom做宾语a.Thisisthedoctorwho(that)savedtheboy'slife.b.Thecomradewho(whom)theyaskedaquestionwasZhangHong.注:whosepenisthis?whose为疑问形容词。whoseisthispen?whose为疑问代词。(2)whose+名词可代人,也可代物的所有格(whose为关系形容词)a.Heistheboywhosefatherisateacher.7b.Thisisthehousewhosewindowswerebrokenyesterday.4.从句中含有介词时的处理方法:(1)可接自然方式放在动词后,可用which/that代物;who\that\whom代人
本文标题:目---录(高考英语语法)
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