图说中途岛海战-The-Battleof-Midway

TheBattleofMidway3-6June1942Dr.CharlesH.MarstonProfessorEmeritusDepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringVillanovaUniversity“Midwaywasthe...battle...thatmadeeverythingelsepossible”AdmiralChesterNimitz,CinCPacModernJapan•CommodorePerry,1853•Adoptedwesterntechnology•52yearslater:BattleofTsushimaRoadtoWar•JapaneseexpansionismHakkoIchiu•Navallimitationtreaties•U.S.economicpressure•Japan’sperceivedchoices-CommanderinChiefCombinedFleet-“Icanrunwildfor6monthsbut...”-AdvocatedPearlHarborattackAdmiralYamamoto7December1941•Carrierswereatsea•Oilsupply&submarinesspared•“REMEMBERPEARLHARBOR”AdmiralNagumo-LedPearlHarborattack-CommandedcarriersatMidwayAdmiralNimitz•ReplacedAdmiralKimmel•KeptKimmel’sstaff•OrganizedcarriertaskforcesPacificOceanArea,Spring1942USTokyoRaid(Doolittle)18April1942•NOTasurprise•TriggeredMidwayplan•PortMoresbyfirstAmericanResponseToOperationMO•JapaneseJN-25codebroken(partly)•Nimitzsenttwocarriertaskforces-Lexington(1927)-Yorktown(1938)BattleoftheCoralSea7-11May1942•Historic:Fleetsneverinvisualcontact•TacticallytoJapanese(butnotbyasmuchastheythought)•StrategicallytoAmericansJapanesePreparationsForOperationMI(Midway)•ConflictingObjectives-CaptureMidway-DecisiveBattle•Affectedby“VictoryDisease”-Fudgedwargames-Limitedtraining-StonewalledcriticismJapaneseCarrierStrikingForce(KidoButai)CarrierDivision1Akagi(NagumoFlagship)KagaCarrierDivision2HiryuSoryuAbsentFromKidoButai•Shokaku•Zuikaku(FoughtatCoralSea)MainBody•Mostofthebattleships•Cruisers,destroyers,lightcarrier•300milesbehindstrikingforceJapaneseAircraft(Alliesrecognitionnames)MitsubishiA6M2“Zeke”•Fighter,betterknownastheZero•PerformanceashocktoUSANakajimaB5N“Kate”•TorpedoandlevelbomberAichiD3A2“Val”DivebomberNakajimaE8N“Dave”ObservationseaplaneCatapultedfromsurfaceshipsYokosukaD4Y“Judy”-NewhighspeedreconnaissanceA/C-BasedonSoryuMidwayAtollGarrisontoldtoexpectanattackLCDRJoe.Rochefort-Codebreaker-WaterShortageploy-ConflictwithWashingtonAmericanPreparations•Carrierforcemadeready•BattleshipstoU.S.westcoast•UnawareofJapaneseMainBodyAmericanCommandersRADMFletcherRADMSpruanceNimitz’sOrders•TakestationnortheastofMidway•“...youwillbegovernedbytheprincipleofcalculatedrisk...“AmericanAircraftBrewsterF2ABuffalo•MarinesquadronsgotNavycastoffs•InferiortoZeroGrummanF4FWildcat-Simple-Rugged-CouldfightZerowithrighttacticsDouglasTBDDevastator•TorpedoBomber•Slow,underpowered,vulnerableGrummanAvenger•ReplacementforDevastator•New,6planesflewfromMidwayDouglasSBDDauntless•DiveBomber•“SlowButDeadly”VulteeSB2UVindicator•MarineDiveBomber•ObsolescentConsolidatedPBY-5•Longrangereconnaissance•SearchandrescueBoeingB-17E•ArmyHeavyBomber•Highaltitude,levelbombing•NoshipshitMartinB-26Marauder•Armymediumbomber•JuryriggedastorpedobomberTechnologyEdgesJapan-Zerofighter-SuperiortorpedoesUSA-CodeBreaking-RadarProblemsforJapanese•DualObjective-Invasion(rigidplan)-FleetAction(needflexibility)•Commandvs.Radiosilence•KidoButaiadaylateBadOmensforNagumo•Noinformationonenemy•Twokeyleadersincapacitated•DensefogLocationofJapaneseForcesatTimeofDiscovery3June•CarrierswarnedtowaitforStrikingForce•B-17sandPBYsfromMidwayattackOccupationForce4June•“ManyplanesheadingMidway”•AllMidwayaircraftairborne•Marinefightersslaughtered•FacilitiesdamagedFuelFarmBurningNotetheGooneyBirdsAttacksfromMidway•Chaotic•Nohits-Zeros-ExcellentshipHandling-Flyersinexperience•DisruptedKidoButaiB-17svsHiryuNagumo’sDilemmaI•NeedsecondstrikeatMidway•NohintofAmericancarriers-Subscreenlate-OperationKcancelled-Inadequatesearchplan•Ordertorearmfor2ndstrikeNagumo’sDilemmaII•ReportofAmericanships•Gowithwhat’savailableorrecoverMidwaystrike?•OrdertostoprearmingAmericanCarrierAttacks•Spruance:“..surprise..fullstrength..early..”HornetandEnterpriselaunched•Fletcher(Y’town)waitedforscoutsHornet-New,aircrewinexperienced-CarriedtheB-25sTorpedoSquadron8LCDRWaldronENSGayEnterpriseAccompaniedHornetonTokyoraidEnterpriseAttackForceYorktownPatchedupin3daysafterCoralSeaYorktownAttackForceCoordinatedAttack1020(P&T)•SBDsstrike-Kaga-Akagi-Soryu-Noradar-CAPlow1025StrikeonYorktownfromHiryu•Launch1050,Strike1230•YorktownpreparedYorktownunderAttackAftertheAttack•EffectiveDamagecontrol•Backinoperationby1350SecondStrikeonYorktownfromHiryu1440-Kates,twotorpedohits-Abandonship-FletcheryieldstoSpruanceLater,4June-HiryulocatedandDestroyed-Yamamotoorderednightattack-SpruanceretiredeastwardHiryuWreckedEveningandOvernight-Nagumorelieved-Nightattacksordered/cancelled-Midwayoperationcancelled-All4KBcarriersscuttled-Spruanceturnedwest5and6June•Yorktownstillafloat•Yorktowntorpedoed•JapanesecruiserscollidedHeavyCruiserMikumaJapaneseDefeat•4of6bigcarriersgone•Coverup•CaptureofAttuandKiskatouted•InitiativelostAmericanVictory•Armyclaimedcredit•IntactZerorecovered•Lessonsleaned•Offensivepossible(Guadalcanal)TheBattlewasnotoverHiryuattackedYorktownHiryudemolishedSpruanceavoidednightbattleAllfourKBcarriersscuttledYorktowntorpedoedJapanesecruisersunk