工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照

山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：ProjectCostControl:TheWayitWorksByR.MaxWidemanInarecentconsultingassignmentwerealizedthattherewassomelackofunderstandingofthewholesystemofprojectcostcontrol,howitissetupandapplied.Sowedecidedtowriteupadescriptionofhowitworks.Projectcostcontrolisnotthatdifficulttofollowintheory.Firstyouestablishasetofreferencebaselines.Then,asworkprogresses,youmonitorthework,analyzethefindings,forecasttheendresultsandcomparethosewiththereferencebaselines.Iftheendresultsarenotsatisfactorythenyoumakeadjustmentsasnecessarytotheworkinprogress,andrepeatthecycleatsuitableintervals.Iftheendresultsgetreallyoutoflinewiththebaselineplan,youmayhavetochangetheplan.Morelikely,therewillbe(orhavebeen)scopechangesthatchangethereferencebaselineswhichmeansthateverytimethathappensyouhavetochangethebaselineplananyway.Butprojectcostcontrolisalotmoredifficulttodoinpractice,asisevidencedbythenumberofprojectsthatfailtocontaincosts.Italsoinvolvesasignificantamountofwork,asweshallsee,andwemightaswellstartatthebeginning.Soletusfollowthethreadofprojectcostcontrolthroughtheentireprojectlifespan.And,whileweareatit,wewilltaketheopportunitytopointouttheproperplacesforseveralsignificantdocuments.TheseincludetheBusinessCase,theRequestfor(acapital)Appropriation(forexecution),WorkPackagesandtheWorkBreakdownStructure,theProjectCharter(orBrief),theProjectBudgetorCostPlan,EarnedValueandtheCostBaseline.Allofthesecontributetotheorganization'sabilitytoeffectivelycontrolprojectcosts.FootnoteIamindebtedtomyfriendQuentinFleming,theguruofEarnedValue,forcheckingandcorrectingmyworkonthistopic.TheBusinessCaseandApplicationfor(execution)FundingItisimportanttonotethatprojectcostcontrolismosteffectivewhentheexecutivemanagementresponsiblehasagoodunderstandingofhowprojectsshouldunfoldthroughtheprojectlifespan.Thismeansthattheyexercisetheirresponsibilitiesatthekeydecisionpoints1山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文betweenthemajorphases.Theymustalsorecognizetheimportanceofprojectriskmanagementforidentifyingandplanningtoheadoffatleastthemostobviouspotentialriskevents.Intheproject'sConceptPhase•Everyprojectstartswithsomeoneidentifyinganopportunityorneed.Thatisusuallysomeoneofimportanceorinfluence,iftheprojectistoproceed,andthatpersonoftenbecomestheproject'ssponsor.•Todeterminethesuitabilityofthepotentialproject,mostorganizationscallforthepreparationofaBusinessCaseanditsOrderofMagnitudecosttojustifythevalueoftheprojectsothatitcanbecomparedwithalltheothercompetingprojects.ThiseffortisconductedintheConceptPhaseoftheprojectandisdoneasapartoftheorganization'smanagementoftheentireprojectportfolio.•ThecostoftheworkofpreparingtheBusinessCaseisusuallycoveredbycorporatemanagementoverhead,butitmaybecarriedforwardasanaccountingcosttotheeventualproject.Nodoubtbecausethiswillprovideataxbenefittotheorganization.Theproblemis,howdoyouthenaccountforalltheprojectsthatarenotsocarriedforward?•IftheBusinesscasehassufficientmerit,approvalwillbegiventoproceedtoaDevelopmentandDefinitionphase.Intheproject'sDevelopmentorDefinitionPhase•TheobjectiveoftheDevelopmentPhaseistoestablishagoodunderstandingoftheworkinvolvedtoproducetherequiredproduct,estimatethecostandseekcapitalfundingfortheactualexecutionoftheproject.•Inaformalizedsetting,especiallywherebigprojectsareinvolved,thisapplicationforfundingisoftenreferredtoasaRequestfor(acapital)Appropriation(RFA)orCapitalAppropriationRequest(CAR).•Thisrequiresthecollectionofmoredetailedrequirementsanddatatoestablishwhatworkneedstobedonetoproducetherequiredproductordeliverable.Fromthisinformation,aplanispreparedinsufficientdetailtogiveadequateconfidenceinadollarfiguretobeincludedintherequest.•Inalessformalizedsetting,everyonejusttriestomuddlethrough.WorkPackagesandtheWBS2山东建筑大学毕业设计外文文献及译文TheProjectManagementPlan,ProjectBrieforProjectCharter•Ifthedeliverableconsistsofanumberofdifferentelements,theseareidentifiedandassembledintoWorkPackages(WPs)andpresentedintheformofaWorkBreakdownStructure(WBS).•EachWPinvolvesasetofactivities,theworkthatisplannedandscheduledasapartoftheProjectManagementPlan.Note,however,thattheplanningwillstillbeatarelativelyhighlevel,andmoredetailedplanningwillbenecessaryduringexecutioniftheprojectisgiventhegoahead.•ThisProjectManagementPlan,bytheway,shouldbecomethebiblefortheexecutionphaseoftheprojectandissometimesreferredtoastheProjectBriefortheProjectCharter.•ThecostofdoingthevariousactivitiesisthenestimatedandtheseestimatedcostsareaggregatedtodeterminetheestimatedcostoftheWP.Thisapproachisknownasdetailedestimatingorbottomupestimating.Thereareotherapproachestoestimatingthatwe'llcometoinaminute.Eitherway,theresultisanestimatedcostofthetotalworkoftheproject.Note:thatprojectriskmanagementplanningisanimportantpartofthisexercise.Thisshouldexaminetheproject'sassumptionsandenvironmentalconditionstoidentifyanyweaknessesintheplanthusfar,andidentifythosepotentialriskeventsthatwarrantattentionformitigation.Thismighttaketheformofspecificcontingencyplanning,and/orthesettingasideofprudentfundingreserves.RequestforcapitalConvertingtheestimate•However,anestimateof