中国文化概况-复习资料

Chapter1TheOriginofChineseCulture文化词汇Confucianphilosophy儒家哲学Confucius孔子Mencius孟子thedescendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙theSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesPeriods春秋战国时期TheArtofWar《孙子兵法》porcelain瓷器三皇五帝ThreeEmperorsandFiveSovereigns)Gregoriancalendar/solarcalendar格里高利历,是国际通用的历法,即公历lunarcalendar阴历theTwenty-fourSolarTerms二十四节气ChineseZodiac生肖ChineseCulture---PastandPresentChinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuangandEmperorYan,who,togetherwiththeirtribes,inhabitedthedrainageareaalongthemiddlereaches（中游）oftheYellowRiver.BythetimeofXiaDynasty,aftercenturiesoflivingsidebyside,thesetwotribeshadgraduallymergedinto（合并，融合）one.Consequently,theChinesepeopleusuallycallthemselves“thedescendantsofYanandHuang”.Peopleatthattimebelievedthatthelandtheylivedonwasthecenteroftheworld,andcalledtheirstatetheMiddleKingdom(中国),thusgivingChinaitscountryname.TraditionalChinesecultureisrecordednotonlyinhistorybooksanddocuments,butalsoinarcheologicalrecords(考古记载),suchasancientcitywalls,palaces（宫殿）,temples（寺庙）,pagodas（宝塔）,andgrottos（洞窟）;artifacts（史前古器物）,suchasbronzeobjects,weapons,bronzemirrors,coins,jadeandpotteryobjects,andcurios;andfolkculture,includingsonganddance,embroidery（刺绣）,cuisine（烹饪）,clothing,teaceremonies,drinkinggames,lanterns,riddles,martialarts（武术）,chessandkites.Withacontinuoushistoryof5,000years,ithasundergonefrequenttransformationstoproducearichandvitalculturalheritage.Inthemodernday,withtheriseofwesterneconomicandmilitarypowerbeginninginthemid-19thcentury,WesternsystemsofsocialandpoliticalorganizationhavegainedadherentsinChina.Indeed,withintoday’sglobalizedenvironment,modernculturesinteractandcooperateincreasinglymorewitheachother.China’scultureofthefuturewillmostlikelyreflectthiscross-culturaldimension.Thus,obtainingasolidunderstandingofChina’scultureofthepastisnecessaryinordertosuccessfullyembraceallthattheculturehastooffertotheworld.TheAppellationofChinaChinaistheappellationofourcountrygivenbyforeigners.TheporcelainchinaisthetransliterationoftheplacenameChangnan(昌南),whichwastheoldnameforJingdezhen（景德镇）.TheporcelainmadeinChangnanwassmoothandbright,andearnedanothernameofartificialjade.ItbecamefamousbothhomeandabroadandwasexportedtoEuropeinlargequantities.Astimepassed,peopleinEuropeforgotthemeaningofChangnanandswitchedtheoriginalmeaningofporcelainoftheword“china”totheplaceofitsorigin.TheAlternativeNamesofChinaChixian,Shenzhou(赤县、神州)Jiuzhou(九州)Hua(华)Huaxia(华夏)Zhonghua(中华)Hainei(海内)ChineseMythologyChineseMythologyisacollectionofculturalhistory,folktales（民间故事）,andreligionsthathavebeenpasseddowninoralorwrittenform.Chinesemythologyissimilartomodernreligioninthattheybothbelieveinrelationshipsbetweenmankindandahigherpower.Historianshaveconjectured（推测）thatChinesemythologybeganin12thcenturyBC(closetothetimeoftheTrojanWar特洛伊战争).Themythsandlegendswerepasseddowninoralformforoverathousandyears,beforebeingwrittendowninearlybooksuchasShuiJingZhuandShanHaiJing.Theclassificationofmyth神话的分类Creationmyth创世神话：NvwaCreatedMan(女娲造人）Heromyth英雄神话：HouyiShootingtheSun(后羿射日)Warmyth战争神话：YellowEmperorTackledHuman-God(黄帝擒蚩尤)CulturalMosaicHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranchesThestandardGregoriancalendarisgenerallyreferredtoasthesolarcalendarinChina.ThetraditionalChineselunarcalendar,alsoknownastheJiazicalendar,countstheyearsinsixty-yearcyclesbycombiningtwoseriesofnumbers---the10HeavenlyStemsand12EarthlyBranches.TheTwenty-fourSolarTermsThetraditionalChineselunaryearisdividedintotwenty-foursolarterms,accordingtothepositionofthesunontheeclipticinrelationshiptotheearth.Thesolartermsdesignateagriculturalperiods,andcanpredictchangingseasonalconditions,temperature,andweatherthroughoutthecourseoftheyear.Theyareextremelyimportanttoagriculturalproduction.Changesinthefourseasonsaredeterminedbyeightsolarterms:立春(theBeginningofSpring),春分(theSpringEquinox),立夏(theBeginningofSummer),夏至(theSummerSolstice),立秋(theBeginningofAutumn),秋分(theAutumnalEquinox),立冬(theBeginningofWinter),冬至(theWinterSolstice)Changesintemperatureareindicatedbyfivesolarterms:小暑SlightHeat,大暑GreatHeat,处暑theLimitofHeat,小寒SlightCold,大寒GreatColdChangingweatherconditionsareindicatedbysevensolarterms:雨水RainWater,谷雨GrainRain,白露WhiteDew,寒露ColdDew,霜降Frost'sDescent,小雪SlightSnow,大雪GreatSnow.Recurringnaturalphenomenaareindicatedbyfoursolarterms:惊蛰theWakingofInsects,清明PureBrightness,小满GrainFull,芒种GraininEarChineseZodiacInancienttimes,ourancestorscountedtheyearswith10heavenlystemsand12earthlybranches.Althoughthiswasscientific,mostpeoplewereilliterateandcouldnotmemorizeorcalculateeasily.Thustheanimalsthatinfluencedpeople'sliveswerechosentosymbolizetheterrestrialbranches:therat,ox,tiger,rabbit,dragon,snake,horse,sheep,monkey,rooster,dogandpig.Chapter2CulinaryCulture文化词汇culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴mainfood主食,主粮（staplefood）Firetemperature火候foodtonic食补“Foodisthefirstnecessityofthepeople”(“民以食为天。”)“Governingagreatnationislikecookingasmallfish-toomuchhandlingwillspoilit.”(Lao-tzu,Chinesephilosopher)(“治大国若烹小鲜。”)Wellfed,wellbred.衣食足，而后知礼节。“Thereisneitherrejectiontohisricebeingofthefinestquality,nortohismeatbei