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ConceptualMetaphorPreviewMetaphorhasbeenseenastheuseofoneexpressiontorefertoadifferentconceptinawaywhichisstillregardedasmeaningfulandmetaphorhasmostprototypicallybeenassociatedwithpoeticandliteraryusage.However,muchworkincognitivesciencehasdemonstratedthatmetaphorisabasicpatterninthewaythehumanmindworks.BriefhistoryofmetaphorConceptualmetaphorPragmaticviewInteractiontheoryComparisontheoryAristotleRichardBlackSearleLakoffJohnsonMetaphorsWeLiveByLakoff&Johnson,1980makesthestudyofmetaphorshiftfrompoeticornamentallanguageandlinguisticaspectsofmetaphortocognitivenatureofmetaphor.Thisapproachtometaphorhasprovedmetaphoranimportantlanguagedevicethatreflectsthecognitivesourceofhumanthinking.Ithasbeenwidelyrecognizedthatmetaphoriscentralnotonlytopoetryandordinarylanguage,butalsotodiverserealmssuchastheinterpretationofdreamsandthenatureofmodelsinscientificthought(Levinson,1983:147).Lakoff(1993):隐喻隐射就是从一个始源喻隐射到一个目标域。王文斌和林波进一步说明,他们认为隐喻是一种心理隐射,是人们将对此事物的认识隐射到彼事物上,形成了始源喻向目标喻的跨越。需要指出的是,隐喻的心理映射可能牵涉到此事物与彼事物的外在表征联系,也可能牵涉到此事物和彼事物的内在特性的关联,也可能牵涉到两者兼而有之。火红的太阳。他是只老狐狸。Julietisthesun.MetaphorasmappingMetaphor----“metaphora”(AncientGreek)“carryingacross”由此及彼Julietisthesun.概念域A概念域B本体(Tenor)—喻体(Vehicle)Richards(1936)主题(Topic)—喻体(Vehicle)Cameron目标(Target)—始源(Source)LakoffandJohnson(1980)主项(PrimarySubject)—次项(SecondarySubject)Black(1993)Stylistics(p106)Vehicle①tenor②①Thefamiliarelement②ThenewelementswhichisdescribedintermsoftheoldfamiliarelementGround:thecommonpropertiesbetweenthetwoelementsLakoff:映射是两个概念域之间的一个对应集(asetofcorrespondences)。他们对隐喻的内在结构及映射的实现做的详尽的阐释.Lifeisajourney.SourcetargettravelersdestinationPersonPurposeReachingAchieving①②关系travelersdestinationPersonPurposeState:strongorweakMode:bybicyclesorbycarStatemode③特性④推理模式ThecharacteristicsofmappingsInternalcharacteristics:SystematicityClarityPartialnessDirectionalRichnessAbstractnessExternalcharacteristics:ScopevalidityMetaphorVisiblemetaphorInvisiblemetaphorInthevisiblemetaphor,boththeprimaryterm(tenor)andthesecondaryterm(vehicle)arepresentinthesentence.Ittakestheformsof“XisY”.Youaremysunshine.Heistheappleofhereye.Thehousewillbeparadise.Theinvisiblemetaphorreferstoeitherofthefollowingtwotypes:1.Theprimarytermispresent,butthesecondarytermisnot–butitishintedbyotherwordsinmanycasesbytheverborverbs.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddisgusted.(Inthissentence,thesecondaryterm“food”doesn’tappearliterally,butitissuggestedbytheverbs“tasted”,“swallowed”,“chewed”,“digested”)2.Thesecondarytermispresentinthesentencebuttheprimarytermislost.Theprimarytermissuggestedbythesecondaryterm.Thiskindofmetaphorleavesroomforthereader’simagination.Themachinesittingatthatdeskwasnolongeraman;itwasabusyNewYorkbroker…(O.Henry)(Theprimaryterm“man”isnotpresent,butitissuggestedbythesecondaryterm“machine”.“man”isrplacedby“machine”becausethemanatthedeskperformedhisdutymechanically.Inwriter’smind,themanwasnolongeramanbutamachine.)Butsoft!Whatlightthroughyonder(那边的)windowbreaks?Itistheeast,andJulietisthesun.Conceptualmetaphor人类初期,用词语指称事物时,往往是用一个名称来指明一个事体或一类事体,在认识个别与类属的顺序上,一般是从个别到类属,这样祖先就逐渐认识到了事物的类别,同时也培养出了范畴化的能力。范畴,概念,范畴化能力的形成是一个漫长的过程,说明了人类语言具有体验性这一根本特征,词语与客观世界中事体,概念之间必定存在着各种各样,千丝万缕的联系。L&J基于这一假设提出了“新经验主义”理论,于1999年正式提出“体验哲学”,强调心智的体验性,认知的无意识性,思维的隐喻性。他们同样认为隐喻具有体验性和无意识性。由于隐喻的基本作用是从喻体始源域将某一或部分特征映合到本体目的域中,这种从喻体向本体的映合也常是以身体经验为动因的。隐喻基于经验,一般是指根隐喻,日常经验中的相关性不可避免的会引导我们获得基本隐喻,它是身体,经验,大脑和心智的产物,也只能通过体验获得意义,这样就把基层认知能力与感觉运动经验连接了起来。例如,自从我们出生后开始会爬,慢慢就形成“始源-路径-目的地”这一基本图示,我们做事一般都会有这样一个过程,先有intention(始源),经过努力(路径),最终到达目的。这两者是同构的,自然会形成一种隐喻关系。可见,我们的行动常常就是基于这种基本图示之上的。隐喻的体验性就说明了它不可能是任意的,可能通过身体体验对其作出合理的解释。我们完全可以假设:人类的祖先起初主要是通过身体在空间中的体验来逐步认识世界的。Orientationalmetaphors运用诸如:上下,内外,前后,远近,深浅,中心,边缘等表达空间的概念来组织另一概念系统。这与我们的身体构造,行为方式密切相关。a)HAPPYISUP;SADISDOWNThatboostedmyspirits.Myspiritsrose.I’mfeelingdown.He’sreallylowthesedays.b)CONSCIOUSISUP;UNCONSCIOUSISDOWNGetup.Herisesearlyinthemorning.他今儿起了个大早,赶去买火车票。Hefellasleep.Shesankintoacoma.她老早就躺下了,却翻来覆去睡不着c)HEALTHANDLIFEAREUP;SICKNESSANDDEATHAREDOWNHe’satthepeakofhealth.Astohishealth,he’swayupthere.他的身体慢慢好起来了。Iamundertheweather.Hishealthisdeclining.他的病情每况愈下。d)HAVINGCONTROLORFORCEISUP;BEINGSUBJECTTOCONTROLORFORCEISDOWNIamontopofthesituation.He’sinasuperiorposition.领导需要高瞻远瞩地统筹全局。Heisundermycontrol.Hispowerisonthedecline.敌军完全在我军的控制之下。e)VIRTUEISUP;DEPRAVITYISDOWNSheishigh-minded.Shehashighstandards.他的品德高尚。Don’tbeunderhanded.Hewouldn’tstooptothat.安能摧眉折腰侍权贵,使我不得开心颜。Novelmetaphor新奇隐喻和创造相似性的隐喻有关,它产生于本体和喻体两个概念之间的较大差异,将不可同日而语的概念置于一起,超出了原有的思维方式和语言表达,新奇便产生。新奇隐喻和陌生化密切相关,为了揭示事体间尚未被人们所认识的特征,故意用一个较为陌生的关系来表述事,从而形成了较为新奇的隐喻。让人眼前一亮,觉得新鲜。
本文标题:语言学隐喻..
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