3雅思托福语法之写作中误用的冠词

写作中误用的冠词要点1.冠词成员包括：定冠词the,不定冠词a(n)和零冠词()。2.所指Reference的三个重要意义所指：类指Genericreference,特指Specificreference和独指Uniquereference。一、类指Genericreference1.()Tigersaredangerousanimals.2.Atigerisadangerousanimal.3.Thetigerisadangerousanimal.所有冠词均有类指功能。但，形态不同，内涵肯定有别1.()Tigersaredangerousanimals.零冠词在可数复数名词前表达类指意义时，all能替代零冠词：Tigersaredangerousanimals.Alltigersaredangerousanimals.()Horsesareusefulanimals.Allhorsesareusefulanimals.()Monkeysareactivetree-climbinganimals,belongingtothatclassofanimalsmostlikeman.Allmonkeysareactivetree-climbinganimals,belongingtothatclassofanimalsmostlikeman.2.Atigerisadangerousanimal.不定冠词在可数单数名词前表达类指意义时，each,every和any能替代不定冠词：Ahorseisausefulanimal.Everyhorseisausefulanimal.Eachhorseisausefulanimal.Anyhorseisausefulanimal.Adeskhasfourlegs.Everydeskhasfourlegs.Eachdeskhasfourlegs.Anydeskhasfourlegs.零冠词和不定冠词类指的差别可视为all（强调全体）和every或each或any（侧重每一个体）的差别。3.Thetigerisadangerousanimal.表达属性意义的类指应是定冠词和可数单数名词的合作：Thehorse(asaparticularspeciesofanimal)isausefulanimal.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofthesteamshipfortheboat.*?TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementof()steamshipsfor()boats.*TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofallsteamshipsforallboats.*?TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofasteamshipforaboat.*TheIndustrialRevolutionwasmarkedbythereplacementofeverysteamshipforeveryboat.此处希望表达的是代表不同生产力和生产关系的汽船与木船的不同属性。1.()Tigersaredangerousanimals.唯有零冠词能在不可数名词前完成类指的表达：()Waterisindispensableforlife.()Woodcatchesfireeasily.()Coffeeisapopulardrinkintheworld.()Honestyisthebestpolicy.()ArchitectureisoneoftheFineArts.二、特指Specificreference1.特指分有定特指Definite和不定特指Indefinite。2.有定特指由定冠词the实现，又分前指Backwardreference,后指Forwardreference和情景所指Situationalreference三类。前指：Wecametoadoor.Toourgreatdisappointment,thedoorwaslocked.后指：Thisistheplacewherewecampedlastyear.情景所指：由语境决定Closethedoorplease.比较：Closethedooroftheclassroomplease.103.不定特指:不定特指由不定冠词和可数单数名词表达：Athiefmusthavebeeninthehouse,foravaseismissing.或由零冠词和复数或不可数名词表达：Therewerenopeopletobeseen,only()carsrunningalongthestreet.4.区分有定特指和不定特指：TheyarethestudentsofClassTwo.(allthestudentsofClassTwo).Theyare()studentsofClassTwo.(somestudentsofClassTwo).11三、独指Uniquereference1.独指分别由定冠词和零冠词表达，名词常为专有名词。2.常见的定冠词the独指现象：A.地理名称a.河流theYangtzeRivertheAvontheEuphratestheMississippib.海洋thePacificOceantheMediterraneantheYellowSeab.运河theSuezCanalthePanamad.山脉theHimalayastheAlpstheRockiestheTaiMountain12三、独指UniquereferenceB.著名建筑theGrandHoteltheBritishMuseumC.报纸，新闻媒体theEconomisttheNewYorkTimestheObservertheWashingtonPosttheBritishBroadcastingCorporationD.部分国名theNetherlandstheUnitedStatestheUnitedNations3.常见的零冠词独指现象：A.人名()DrJohnson()HitlerB.节日()Christmas()IndependenceDay()Easter()PassoverC.月份，星期()January()MondayD.洲名，国名，城镇()Europe()Africa()AustraliaE.湖泊，山峰()SilverLake()MountEverest()Vesuvius4.零冠词在非专有名词前也能表示独指：(daughtertomother)Whereis()fatherhiding?Johnwaselected()chairmanofthestudents’union.Whois()monitor?()UnclewillcomeonMonday.Mr.Kennedy,PresidentoftheUnitedStates,wasmurderedin1963.15四、习语Idiomaticuse1.定冠词类：Whatyousaidisbesidethepoint.Thatwillbeenoughforthepresent;ifIneedanymore,I’llletyouknow.Thesickman’sconditionchangedfortheworse.Underthecircumstances,wehadtowaitfortheraintostop.Inthemain,thestudentsdidwellonthetest.Everythingcamerightintheend.Driversmustbeonthealertfortrafficsignals.Theproductionofbicyclesandsewingmachinesisontheincreasethismonth.Theviewofimportanteventsisoftenbroadcastonthespotovertelevision.16四、习语Idiomaticuse2.不定冠词类：Theshiprodeat()anchorintheharbor.Theletterwasopenedby()mistake.Thepatient’slifewasat()stake.Beyond()question,itwasthecoldestdayofthiswinter.Whaton()earthareyoudoing?Hedideverythingby()rule.Wecan’tattendthemeetingin()person.Themethodsofteachingareoutof()date.Designmustkeep()pacewithtechnologicalinnovation.Arewegoingby()landorby()sea?17神奇的零冠词1.使单数可数名词意义抽象化：Hehasgonetotheschoolforhisdaughter.Sheisonlysixbutshehasgoneto()school.Hewenttothehospitaltoseeafriendthismorning.Heisseriouslyillandhehastobein()hospital.Hefoundhiskeysonthetable.Theywereat()tablewhenwegotthere.Heisaverymodestman.Heisn’t()manenoughtoadmithismistake.18神奇的零冠词2.形成丰富多彩的平行结构：Heknowsthesubjectfrombeginningtoend.Iwasdrenchedwithrainfromheadtofoot.Dayafterday,weekafterweek,andmonthaftermonth,theyworkedon.TomandMarywalkedalonghandinhandinthepark.Hedrankthemedicinebitbybit.19厉害了，7色-定冠词Heplaysthebuglewell.Billcanplaythepianoquitewellalthoughheisonlyseven.Willyouplaythechesswithme?Wesellpotatoesbythekilo.Eggsaresoldbythedozen.Canwepaybytheweek?Inthisjob,wearepaidbythehour.The1930swereMickey’sgoldenage.Inthe30’stherewasgreatunemployment.HeisthekindestmanIknow.Welikehimthebestofall.Austinlookedbothtothenorthandtotheeast.Don’tforgetthatyourincometaxisdueonthefifteenthofApril.Thesmallerthecomputerthefasteritcanwork.21翻译小能手1.关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是：当国家发展现代科学技术是，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡？2.我认为，传统技术方法消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的必然结果。3.首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代社会科技的发展。4.尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法都是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们再使用这些方法。5.第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技取代。6.尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据证明它并没