chapter1 1 Invitations to Linguistics

IntroducationstoLinguisticsbyWangBojiaInvitationstoLinguisticsWeek1王博佳JB31813679215007[e-mail]Toknowthenature,featuresandfunctionsoflanguageTounderstandsomebasicrulesandtheoriesonlinguistics(rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsounds/words/sentences;theoriesthatexplaintheuseoflanguage,theacquisitionoflanguageandthementalprocesswhenweuselanguage)TounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheoriesinsomefieldsToprepareforpostgraduatestudyCourseRequirements1.Regularclassattendance(Threeabsences,whetherexcusedorunexcused,willleadtofailureinthiscourse.Tardinessisdiscouraged.)2.Activecooperationandproductiveparticipationinin-classactivities3.AdequatepreparationandcompletionofassignedreadingsandwrittenworkAboutthetextbookHu,Zhuanglin.Linguistics:ACourseBook.4thEd.Beijing:BeijingUniversityPress,2011.胡壮麟.《语言学教程》第四版.北京大学出版社，2011.ReferencebooksDaiWeidong,etal.ANewConciseCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish.Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2002.LiuRunqing,WenXu.Linguistics:ANewCoursebook.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2006.Yule,George.TheStudyofLanguage.Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2005.作者：刘润清文旭出版社：外语教学与研究出版社作者：戴炜栋何兆熊出版社：上海外语教育出版社作者：GeorgeYule出版社：外语教学与研究出版社作者：VictoriaFromkin出版社：北京大学出版社AssessmentAttendanceandclassperformanceQuizFinalexam10%30%60%Effectivewaytolearn1.Preview2.Review3.Remember4.ThinkChapter1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?Whatislanguage?Theirrelationship???BrainfunctionsDefinitionofLanguageQuestion:What’slanguage?Whatislanguage?“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”(Sapir,1921)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”(Hall,1968)“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”(Chomsky,1957)Webster'sNewWorldDictionary(Pp.759)[1](a)humanspeech;(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;(d)thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem;Webster'sNewWorldDictionary(Pp.759)[2](a)'anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;(b)aspecialsetofsymbols;letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputer;...AGenerallyAcceptedDefinitionLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.systemelementsoflanguagearecombinedbyrulesarbitraryThereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsforaquotefromShakespeare’sRomeoandJuliet:“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”VocaltheprimarymediumforalllanguagesisSOUND,writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenformSymbolicwordsareassociatedwithobjects,ideas,actionsQuestion:iblkgilrnbilk*ThataboutIhertold.--Itoldheraboutthat.asystem—rule-governed,elementsarecombinedaccordingtorules,can’tbecombinedatwill（class/cssla;Iopenedthedoor/OpenedthedoorI）OriginofLanguageHowdidlanguagecomeintobeing?1.TheDivine-originhypothesis神授说LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.Differenthypotheses假设Adam’snamingAndoutofthegroundtheLORDGodformedeverybeastofthefield,andeveryfowloftheair;andbroughtthemuntoAdamtoseewhathewouldcallthem:andwhatsoeverAdamcalledeverylivingcreature,thatwasthenamethereof.耶和华神用土所造成的野地各样走兽和空中各样飞鸟都带到那人面前，看他叫什么。那人怎样叫各样的活物，那就是它的名字。2.TheInventionhypothesisImitationhypothesis--Languagebeganthroughsomesortofhumanmimicry/imitationofnaturallyoccurringsoundsormovements.1.TheBow-wowhypothesis：（咆哮说/摹声说）Vocabularydevelopedfromimitationsofanimalnoises.语言起源于对自然界原有声音的摹仿。如：狗“汪汪”，牛“哞哞”“猫、鸭、鸡”--动物的叫声。cuckoo（布谷鸟）,moo,hiss,meow,quack-quackTheproblemwiththishypothesisisthatonomatopoeia(imitationofsound)isaverylimitedpartofthevocabularyofanylanguage.Thefirstwordscamefrominvoluntaryexclamationsofdislike,hunger,pain,orpleasure,eventuallyleadingtotheexpressionofmoredevelopedideasandemotions.语言是人们对各种感受而引起的感叹，人类的原始语言就是由这种感叹声演变而来。表达感情的感叹词。2.ThePoohpoohhypothesis（啵啵说/感叹说）Necessityhypothesis--Languagebeganasaresponsetosomeacutenecessity.The“Yo-he-ho”hypothesis“吆嗬嗬说/劳动叫喊说”Languagedevelopedonthebasisofhumancooperativeefforts.Theearliestlanguagewaschantingtosimulatecollectiveeffort,whethermovinggreatstonestoblockoffcaveentrancesfromcarnivoresorrepeatingwarlikephrasestoinflamethefightingspirit.语言是与艰苦劳动密不可分的，语言是从哼哼声和呐喊声发展而来的。“劳动创造语言”。我们的祖先在生产劳动中与自然灾害作斗争时需要齐心协力，互相配合，自然就需要用某种信号把大家的行动统一起来。各种信号如果以一定的声音为标志，就成了最初的语言。Itislaborthatcreatedthenecessityforlanguage.3TheNaturalevolutionhypothesis人类语言既不是神授的，也不是在短时期内由人造出来的，而是长期进化的结果。Thereiscertainrelationshipbetweenthedevelopmentoflanguageandtheevolutionarydevelopmentofthehumanspecies.人类语言形成的条件Thedevelopmentofthephysicalapparatusforspeech.ThedevelopmentofthebrainAtsomepointintheirevolutionarydevelopmenthumansacquiredamoresophisticatedbrainwhichmadelanguageinventionandlearningpossible.发音器官和大脑思维的复杂化。劳动使类人猿能够直立行