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句子成分及基本句型by高一年级英语组英语词性的分类词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。1.名词nounn.student学生2.代词pronounpron.you你3.形容词adjectiveadj.happy高兴的4.副词adverbadv.quickly迅速地5.动词verbv.cut砍、割6.数词numeralnum.three三7.冠词articleart.a一个8.介词prepositionprep.at在...9.连词conjunctionconj.and10.感叹词interjectioninterj.oh哦前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。句子成分•主语subject•谓语predicate•宾语object•表语predicative•宾补complement•定语attribute•状语adverbial•同位语appositive1.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。e.g.(1)Lucyisabeautifulnurse.(名词作主语)(2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.(代词作主语)(3)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.(动名词作主语)(4)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure.(5)Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.(不定式作主语)(主语从句作主语)(二)谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。说明主语“e.g.Hisparentsareteachers.Westudyhard.Wedon’tfinishreadingthebook.HecanspeakEnglish.(行为动词作谓语)(系动词和表语一起作谓语)(助动词和行为动词一起作谓语)(情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语)(三)宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.Shesays(that)sheisill.Weoftenhelphim.Helikestoplaybasketball.Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.(名词作宾语)(宾语从句作动词宾语)(代词作宾语)(不定式作宾语)(动名词短语作宾语)说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可作动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,show(给……看),bring,pass,buy等。e.g.(1)Ourteachertellsusastory.(2)Thesungivesuslight.间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有:give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise(答应),refuse(拒绝)等间接宾语加“for”的有:make,buy,do,get,play,order(命令),sing,pay等(1)Igivehimabook.改成:(2)Hepassesmethebook.改成:(3)Hewritesmealetter.改成:(4)Hewillbuymesomebooks.改成:(5)Sheismakingmeacake.改成:Igiveabooktohim.Hepassesthebooktome.Hewritesalettertome.Hewillbuysomebooksforme.Sheismakingacakeforme.(四)宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。e.g.Theymakeherhappy.Iseeherdance.We’llhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess.Pleaselethimin.Weheardhersingingasong.(形容词)(不定式)(名词)(副词)(分词短语)(五)表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。e.g.Iamateacher.Heisalwayshappy.Theyareontheplaygroundnow.Itgetscold.(名词)(形容词)(介词短语)(形容词)Be动词(am,is,are,was,were)表保持(keep,stay,remain)表改变(get,become,turn)感官动词feel,sound(听起来)seem/look(看起来)taste(尝起来)smell(闻起来)e.g.Itsoundsinteresting.Weshouldallremaincareful.系动词系动词表语系动词表语(六)定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。e.g.Theblackbikeismine.What'syourname?Theymakepaperflowers.(形容词)(代词)(名词)说明1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything,everything,something等时,定语在不定代词后面。e.g.Itellhimsomethinginteresting.(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)Hehassomethingtodo.(todo为不定式作后置定语)说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。e.g.TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.(intheroom是介词短语作theboys的后置定语。)(七)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。e.g.Hediditcarefully.Weoftenhelphim.HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.Hesitsthere.(副词)(副词)(介词短语)(从句作时间状语)(副词地点状语)(八).同位语当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语。我们有两个孩子,一男一女.Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.那人是我的老师,他从来都不骑自行车.Theman,myteacher,neverridesabike.句子类型1、简单句:简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。如:MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.2、并列句:并列句由并列连词或分号“;”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如:Itislate,sowemusthurry.3、复合句:复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如:Ifwewanttokeepfit,wemustalwaysrememberthatpreventionisbetterthancure.从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看,我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。简单句的五种基本句型1.主语+不及物动词(主谓)e.g.Thesunrises.太阳升起来。Thecarstopped.小汽车停下来了。rise和stop都是不及物动词,因此后边不必加宾语。2.主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾)e.g.Ilovemycountry.Hehelpsme.Ilikeactionmovies.Ibuyabook.3.主语+系动词+表语(主系表)e.g.Herbrotherisadriver.Wefeelhappy.(feel为系动词,表示感到……)Itgetsdark.(get为系动词,表示变得)Tomlooksill.(look为系动词,表示看上去,看起来)4.主语+及物动词+双宾语(主谓+直宾+间宾)e.g.HegivesTomapresent.(双宾语)Mothermakeanewdressforme.(双宾语)5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)e.g.TheycallherMary.(宾补)Wemakeourclassroomcleanandtidy.(宾补)Healwaysmakesuslaugh.(宾补)另外第六种为:therebe句型e.g.Thereare75studentsinourclass.(一)挑出下列句中的宾语1.Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.2.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.3.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?4.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?5.Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,Miss
本文标题:句子成分及基本句型
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