Stephen-Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩

StephenCrane(1871-1900)Americannovelist,shortstorywriter,poetandjournalistAsarepresentativeofAmericanNaturalismandImpressionism,StephenCraneisrecognizedbymoderncriticsasoneofthemostinnovativewritersofhisgeneration.IntroductionLifeNaturialismTheopenboatBriefIntroduction:•HeisanAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,poetandjournalist.•HewrotenotableworksintheRealisttraditionaswellasearlyexamplesofAmericanNaturalismandImpressionism.•Heisrecognizedbymoderncriticsasoneofthemostinnovativewritersofhisgeneration.•Characteristics•Descriptivevividness•Intensity•Distinctivedialects•Irony•Commonthemes•Fear•Spiritualcrisis•Idealsvsrealities•SocialisolationLifeCrane,theyoungestof14children,wasbornin1871inNewark,NewJersey.Hisfatherwasastrictminister,whodiedin1880,leavinghisdevout,strongmothertoraisetherestofthefamily.HeattendedpreparatoryschoolattheClaverackCollege(1888-1890).HespentlessthantwoyearsatSyracuseUniversityandthenwenttoNewYorkCitytobecomeajournalist.Hewrotehisfirstbook,Maggie:AGirloftheStreetsandpublisheditin1893athisexpense.In1895thepublicationofTheRedBadgeofCourageandofhisfirstbookofpoems,TheBlackRiders,broughthiminternationalfame.HewashiredtogotoCubaasajournalisttocovertheSpanish-AmericanWar.Onthewaytotheisland,Cranewasinashipwreck.ThisexperiencedirectlyledtohismostfamousshortstoryTheOpenBoat(1897).WhenstayinginJacksonville,Florida,hemettheownerofabrothel,CoraTaylor.ThismeetingwasthebeginningofaloveaffairandsheaccompaniedhimtoGreeceashereportedontheGreco-TurkishWarforNewYorknewspapers;andstayedwithhimuntiltheendofhislife.AfterreportingontheSpanish-AmericanWar,CranereturnedhometoEngland,wherehemadefriendswithJosephConrad,H.G.Wells,andHenryJames.Thestressofthislife,compoundedbyanalmostblatant（公然的）disregardforhisownhealth,ledtohiscontractingtuberculosis（肺结核）.HediedinJune1900,attheageof29.HisMajorWorksNovels•Maggie:AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎玛吉》•TheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》•TheLittleRegiment•TheThirdViolet•ActiveService•George'sMotherthefirstworkofAmericanliteraryNaturalism.ShortStories•TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》•TheMonster《怪物》•TheBlueHotel《蓝色旅馆》•TheBrideComestoYellowSky《新娘来到黄天镇》Poems•TheBlackRiders《黑骑者》•WarisKind《战争是仁慈的》Historicalbook•GreatBattlesoftheWorld《世界之伟大战役》Maggie:AGirloftheStreetsCrane’sfirstnovel.Ittalksaboutaprettyyoungslumgirldriventobrutalexcessesbypovertyandloneliness.Itwasconsideredsosexuallyfrankandrealistic,thatthebookhadtobeprivatelyprintedatfirst.EventuallyitwashailedasthefirstgenuineexpressionofNaturalisminAmericanlettersandestablisheditscreatorastheAmericanapostleofanartisticrevolutionwhichwastoaltertheshapeanddestinyofcivilizationitself.TheRedBadgeofCourage:anepisodeoftheAmericanCivilWaroneofthefinestbooksofAmericanliterature;Itwasinnovativestylisticallyaswellaspsychologically.Oftendescribedasawarnovel,itfocuseslessonbattleandmoreonthemaincharacter'spsycheandhisreactionsandresponsesinawartimesituation.ItreflectstheprivateexperienceofHenryFleming,ayoungsoldierwhofleesfromcombat.PoetryThepoeticstylewasunconventional.Itwaswritteninfreeversewithoutrhyme,meter,oreventitlesforindividualworks.Theyaretypicallyshortinlengthandmostdonotusestanzas(节)andrefrains（叠句）.SignificantStyleCrane'sworksreflectmanyofthemajorartisticconcernsattheendofthenineteenthcentury,especiallynaturalism,impressionism,andsymbolism.Hisworksinsistthatpeopleliveinauniverseofvastandindifferentnaturalforces.Manyreaders(includingHamlinGarlandandJosephConrad,whowerepersonalfriendsofCrane)haveusedtheterm“impressionist”todescribeCrane'svividrenderingsofvisualbeautyanduncertainty.Writingtechnique:•Naturalism•Realism•Impressionism•theuseofcolorandchiaroscuro,TheOpenBoatisoftenclassifiedasaworkofnaturalismbecauseofthework'sphilosophicalspeculations.Definition•Asagenre,naturalismemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapingindividualizedcharacterswhowerepresentedinspecialanddetailedcircumstances.Atbottom,lifewasshowntobeironic,eventragic.Featuresofnaturalistwriting:•A.naturalistwritersturnedliterarycreationintoamechanicalrecordofsociety,inawayofattemptingtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness.Theynevermadecommentsonthecharactersandtheirbehaviors.•B.Thecharacterswereoftenfiguresoflowsocialandeconomicclasses,somephysicallystrongbutweak-willedfigures.Therewerealsosomehealthyandloftypersons,buttheirendingweremiserable.•C.Theviewpointfromwhichthewritersunderstoodproblemswasamoral,ornon-moral.Theystressedmenhadnofreewill,theirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment.Realism•Itbroadlydefinesasthefaithfulrepresentationofrealityorverisimilitude“.Realismisaliterarytechniquepracticedbymanyschoolsofwriting.Differencebetweenrealismandnaturalism•Unlikerealism,whichfocusesonliterarytechnique,naturalismimpliesaphilosophicalposition:fornaturalisticwriters,sincehumanbeingsare,inEmileZola'sphrase,humanbeasts,characterscanbestudiedthroughtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings.•Bothmodesoftendealwiththelocalandcontemporary.Thenaturalist,however,discoversinthismaterialtheextraordinaryandexcessiveinhumannature.ImpressionismImpressionismisastyleofpaint