汽车专业英语-1-automotive-basics

汽车专业英语SpecialtyEnglishforAutomobileBodyBrakingEngineSuspensionSteeringPowertrainElectricalsystemChassisChapter1AutomotiveBasicsWhat’sthemainpartsofanautomobile?Today’saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:body,engine,chassisandelectricalequipment。现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。1.1BodyAnautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahoodandatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovideaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengersandcargo.汽车车身由金属薄板外壳和窗户、车门、发动机罩、行李箱盖等组成。汽车车身为发动机、乘员和货物提供了保护。Hood：发动机罩bonnet软帽Trunkdeck：行李箱盖Trunk/boot：行李箱靴子Luggage：行李baggageCargo：货物goodsThebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernsappearanceforthevehicle.汽车车身的设计还应该保证乘员的安全舒适。车身的造型（款式）使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。ThreepointsseatbeltinacarFivepointsharnessinaracingcar铠甲甲胄Airbag1885Benz1927FordmodelT1934CitroënTractionAvant1953MorrisMinorSeries2MinicooperAsedanhasanenclosedbodywithamaximumof4doorstoallowaccesstothepassengercompartment.Thedesignalsoallowsforstorageofluggageorothergoods.Asedancanalsobereferredtoasasaloonandtraditionallyhasafixedroof.Therearesoft-topversionsofthesamebodydesignexceptforhaving2doors,andthesearecommonlyreferredtoasconvertibles.轿车车身为封闭式，乘员通过车门进出，轿车最多有4个车门。另外车身的设计还应考虑行李和货物的存放。传统的轿车都是硬顶车身。活顶乘用车（敞篷车）的车顶是软顶，车身设计与普通轿车类似，但只有两个车门。行李箱行李==？发动机//发动机罩Trunk/bootLuggage/baggageEngine//hook/bonnetTheutilityorpick-upcarriesgoods.Usuallyithasstrongerchassiscomponentsandsuspensionthanasedantosupportgreatergrossvehiclemass.皮卡一般用来运载货物。为能承载更大的总质量，皮卡的底盘和悬架比轿车更结实。utility/pick-up:皮卡Grossvehiclemass：车辆总质量Curbweight汽车整备重量Lightvehiclevanscanbebasedoncommonsedandesignsorredesignssothatmaximumcargospaceisavailable.轻型货车一般是基于普通轿车设计的，或是重新设计使可用载货空间最大化。Avanisakindofvehicleusedfortransportinggoodsorgroupsofpeople.Itisusuallyabox-shapedvehicleonfourwheels,aboutthesamewidthandlengthasalargeautomobile,buttallerandusuallyhigherofftheground,alsoreferredtoasalightcommercialvehicleorLCV.Thebodyofcommercialvehiclesthattransportgoodsaredesignedforthatspecificpurpose.Tankerstransportfluids,tipperscarryearthorbulkgrains,flatbedsandvansareusedforgeneralgoodstransport.用于运输货物的商用车车身必须满足具体要求，例如运输液体的油罐车、运输泥土或散装谷物的自卸车、运输一般货物的平板车或货车。nosidesorroofBusesandcoachesareusually4-wheelrigidvehicles,butalargenumberofwheelsandaxlescanbeused.Sometimesarticulatedbusesareusedtoincreasecapacity.Busesandcoachescanbesingle-deckordouble-deck.Busesarecommonlyusedincitiesascommutertransportswhilecoachesaremoreluxurioususedforlongdistances.客车和长途汽车一般有4个车轮，车架为整体式，也能配备更多的车轮和车桥。为了增加客车的载客量往往使用由铰链连接的客车。公共汽车和长途汽车有单层和双层两种。公共汽车一般用城市内公共交通，而长途汽车一般用于长距离的旅行。single-deckbusdouble-deckerArticulatedbusCoach1.2EngineTheengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel(alsocalledacompression-ignitionengine).Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothepowertrain.发动机//内燃机//汽油（点燃式）//柴油（压燃式）//热力发动机//动力传动系发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。Thewayenginecylindersarearrangediscalledengineconfiguration.In-lineengineshavethecylindersinaline.Thedesigncreatesasimplycastengineblock.Invehiclesapplications,thenumberofcylindersisnormallyfrom2upto6.Usually,thecylindersarevertical.Asthenumberofthecylindersincrease,thelengthoftheblockandcrankshaftcanbecomeaproblem.OnewaytoavoidthisiswithaVconfiguration.Thedesignmakestheenginesblockandcrankshaftshorterandmorerigid.发动机的布置即发动机气缸的排列方式。发动机缸体按直线排列的即直列式，这种布置使得发动机缸体结构简单。汽车发动机一般为2~6缸，通常气缸是垂直放置的，但气缸数量的增加会导致缸体和曲轴的长度过大，解决问题的措施之一就是采用V型布置，这种布置方式可以使发动机缸体和曲轴长度尺寸更短，从而大大增加刚度。Thebasiccylinderarrangementsofadieselorgas-burningengineare:cylinder-in-line;V-arrangementandFlat.Anenginelocatedatthefrontcanbemountedlongitudinallyandcandriveeitherthefrontortherearwheels.Rearenginevehicleshavetheenginemountedbehindtherearwheels.Theenginecanbetransverseorlongitudinalandusuallydrivetherearwheelsonly.前置发动机可以纵向布置，能够驱动前轮或后轮。后置发动机布置在后轮后侧，发动机即可纵向布置又可横向布置，一般只能驱动后轮。Internalcombustionengine:内燃机、外燃机Cylinder:汽缸圆柱体Gasoline//diesel：汽油柴油Ignition：点燃igniteShaft//Crankshaft:轴曲轴TransmissionConfigurationLongitudinal：纵向Transverse：横向1.车身2.轿车3.变速器4.发动机罩5.铰接式客车6.皮卡7.行李箱盖8.造型、外形9.货物10.行李①body②Sedan//saloon③transmission④Hood//bonnet⑤Articulatedbus⑥Pick-up//utility⑦Trunkdeck/lid⑧styling⑨cargo⑩Luggage//baggage1.3ChassisPowertrainsystem:conveysthedrivetothewheelsSteeringsystem:controlsthedirectionofmovementSuspensionsystem(runninggear):absorbstheroadshocksBrakingsystem:slowsdownthevehicle底盘总成是由作为汽车主要运行部分的各系统组成，包括动力传动系、转向系统、悬架和制动系统。1.3.1Powertrainsystem:Clutch(torqueconverter/fluidcoupling)离合器（液力变矩器）Transmission变速箱Driveshaft驱动轴finaldrive主减速器differentialgear差速器drivingaxle驱动桥Topandsideviewofatypicalmanualtransmission,inthiscaseaFordT