Introduction-to-phonetics

IntroductiontoPhoneticsInstructor:Outline•Review•Introductiontophonetics1Distinctionofphonetics&phonology2Thebranchesofphonetics3Speechorgans4IPAandphonetictranscription5ConsonantsandvowelsReviewCommunicationDefinitionoflanguageDesignfeaturesoflanguageFunctionsoflanguageImportantdistinctions1Distinctionofphonetics&phonology•Both:thestudiesofspeechsounds•Phonetics–Studieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived–Physicalaspect1Distinctionofphonetics&phonology•Phonology–Thestudyofsoundsystems–Todiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganized–Toexplainthevariationsthatoccur2Thebranchesofphonetics•Articulatoryphonetics–Production,howsoundsareproduced–Identifyandclassifyindividualsounds•Acousticphonetics–Transmission,howsoundsaretransmitted–Physicalproperties•Auditory/perceptualphonetics–Perception,howspeechsoundsarereceived3Speechorgans•Speechorgans,alsoknownasvocalorgans,arethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.•Page33:figure2.2•Vocaltract–Oralcavity•Mouth:lips•Tongue:tip,blade,front,back,root•Palate:hard,soft,uvula•Teeth:upper,lower–Nasalcavity–Pharynx4IPAandphonetictranscription•IPAisanabbreviationfor–InternationalPhoneticAssociation–InternationalPhoneticAlphabet•InternationalPhoneticAssociation–Inauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachers4IPAandphonetictranscription•InternationalPhoneticAlphabet–Asystemofsymbolstorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage–Thesymbolsconsistoflettersanddiacritics.•SomelettersaretakenfromRomanalphabets(/p/in/pen/).•Othersarespecialsymbols(/∫/in/∫әu/).•Diacriticsarelike˜,˘etc.4IPAandphonetictranscription•1886:OttoJespersenproposed.•1920s:DanielJonesdevelopedIPA•1993&1996:revised,TheHandbookoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPAHandbook)•IPAchart:page384IPAandphonetictranscription•Narrowtranscription–Alsocalledphonetictranscription–Placedbetweensquarebrackets[]–Showthedetailsofpronunciation–[phi:k]for‘peak’–[sp=i:k]forspeak4IPAandphonetictranscription•Broadtranscription–Alsocalledbroadnotation.–Usethedistinctivesoundsofalanguage(phonemes)anddon’tnotshowthefiner(detailed)pointsofpronunciation.–Alsoreferredtoasphonemicnotation.–Itiswrittenwithinslantingbrackets//.(/pi:k/forpeak,/spi:k/forspeak)5Consonantsandvowels•Consonants–Producedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity•Vowels–Producedwithoutsuchobstruction–Noturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived•Semi-vowel/semi-consonant–yet,wet,hot5Consonantsandvowels•Consonants:thecategoriesofconsonantsareestablishedonthebasisoftwomainfactors:–Mannersofarticulation•Thewaytheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract–Placesofarticulation•Wheretheobstructionofairtakesplace5Consonantsandvowels•Mannersofarticulation–Stop(plosive)（爆破音）:closing/stop(preparationoftheorgans)—hold—release•Oralstops/stops:[p,b,t,d,k,g]•Nasalstops/nasals:[m,n,ŋ]–Fricative（摩擦音）:theairstreamispartiallyobstructed,audiblefriction•[f,v,θ,ð,s,z,∫,З,h]5Consonantsandvowels–Approximant（流音）:[w,r,j]–Lateral（边音）:[l]–Affricate（塞擦音）:•Involvesmorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulation•Consistsofastopfollowedimmediatelybyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.•English[t∫](church),[dЗ](jet)•[ts,dz,tr,dr]•Chinese[tsh]错[ts]做5Consonantsandvowels•Placesofarticulation–Bilabial:madewithtwolips•[p,b,m,w](pet,betmet,wet)–Labiodental:madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth•[f,v](five,via)–Dental:madebythetonguetiporblade&theupperfrontteeth•[θ,ð](thief,clothes)5Consonantsandvowels–Alveolar:madewiththetonguetip&thealveolarridge•[t,d,n,s,z,r,l]–Postalveolar:madewiththetonguetip&thebackofthebackofalveolarridge•[∫,З,t∫,dЗ]5Consonantsandvowels–Palatal:madewiththefrontofthetongue&thehardpalate•[j](yet,yes)–Velar:madewiththebackofthetongue&thesoftpalate•[k,g,ŋ]•Chinese(he,和)5Consonantsandvowels–Uvular:madewiththebackofthetongueandtheuvula•NotfoundinEnglish–Pharyngeal:madewiththerootofthetongue&thewallsofthepharynx•NotfoundinEnglish–Glottal:madewiththetwopiecesofvocalfoldspushedtowardseachother•[h](hat)[?](fat,pack)5Consonantsandvowels•ThedescriptionsofEnglishconsonants(RP)•Page44:table2.1•Voicing:Todistinguishpairsofconsonantssharingthesameplaceandmannerofarticulation–Representedby[+voiced]and[-voiced]–Voiced([+voiced])(e.g./b/,/d/etc.):producedwiththevibrationofvocalfolds.–ForexampleinEnglishallvowelsarevoiced.–Voiceless([-voiced])(e.g./p/,/t/etc.):producedwithoutvibrationofthevocalcords.5Consonantsandvowels•[p]voicelessbilabialstop•[b]voicedbilabialstop•[s]voicedalveolarfricative•[z]voicedalveolarfricative•[t]voicelessalveolarstop•[d]voicedalveolarstop•[m]bilabialnasal•[l]lateral•[j]palatalapproximant•[h]glottalfricative5Consonantsandvowels•Vowels•Criteriaofvoweldescription:–Theheightoftongueraising:high,mid,low–Thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue:front,central,back–Thelengthortensenessofthevowel:tenseorlax,longorshort–Lip-rounding:roundedorunrounded5Consonantsandvowels•Thetheoryofcardinalvowels–Eightcardinalvowelsareabstract.–Representextremepointsofatheoreticalvowelspace.••Approxi