【英语语法课件】之――9.英文时态(三)：完成时态

第12讲英文时态（三）：完成时态完成动作：1、现在完成（have∕hasdone）2、过去完成（haddone）3、将来完成（willhavedone）完成时态概述：形式：havedone意义：完成时态表示的是在某一特定时刻（现在、过去或将来）之前开始发生的并持续到这一特定时刻或对这一特定时刻有影响的一个活动。⑴现在完成时：在现在之前（即过去）开始发生并持续到现在或对现在有影响的动作。Ihavelearned2000wordssofar.⑵过去完成时：在过去之前（即过去的过去）开始发生的并持续到过去或对过去有影响的动作。Ihadlearned1000wordsbytheendoflastyear.⑶将来完成时：在将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）开始发生的并持续的将来或对将来有影响的动作。Iwillhavelearned3000wordsbytheendofnextyear.一、现在完成时态（have∕hasdone）1、现在完成时态用法（一）：延续到现在的动作或状态开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。①Anoldwomanwalkedoutintothemiddleofthestreet.Thepolicemanyelledtoher,“Don’tyouknowwhatitmeanswhenIholdupmyhand?”Theladysaid,“SureIdo.Ihavebeenaschoolteacherfor28yearsnow.”②Ihavelivedherefor3years.③TheteacherhastaughtinthisschoolsinceIcamehere.④I’veworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.⑤Sincetimebegan,manhaslivedinfearoffire.或者，由上下文明确告知，开始于过去的动作只持续到说话时刻为止即已结束。例如：①A：Haveyouwaitedlong?B：I’vewaitedforthreehours.②I’vewaitedforhimallday;Idon’twanttowaitanylonger.这种现在完成时的特点：1）谓语动词一般为延续性动词。2）动作发生的时间是过去，但这一动作持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。3）与这种用法的现在完成时态连用的时间状语通常是表示“一段时间”的时间状语，以说明某个动作或状态持续了多久。※与此种用法的现在完成时态搭配的时间状语：⑴since＋时间点①I’veworkedinthiscompanysince1980.②I’veworkedinthiscompanysinceIleftschool.注意不能说：sincethreeyears，而要说sincethreeyearsago。⑵for＋时间段①I’veworkedinthiscompanyforthreeyears.②GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinBeijingforthepastfewyears.⑶“到目前为止……”：untilnow,upuntilnow,uptonow,uptillnow,sofar等。例如：Wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyactiontodecideonacommonlanguagethatwouldfurthercommunicationbetweennations.⑷“在最近几世纪／年／月以来……”：inthepastfewyears,overthepastfewyears,duringthelastthreemonths,forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies,throughouthistory等。例如：①Throughouthistorymanhashadtoacceptthefactthatalllivingthingsmustdie,fortheverynatureoflifeincludesdeath.②Throughcenturiesthebizarreanticsofsleepwalkershavepuzzledpolice,perplexedscientistsandfascinatedwriters.2、现在完成时态用法（二）：过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态表示在不确定的过去发生的某一动作对现在仍有影响。谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。①Hehasbrokenhisleg.②Hebrokehisleg.③Amoderngirlwenttothetheatrewithavestandapairofslippers.Theticket-examinerturnedherawayverypolitely:“Miss,NOADMISSIONWITHSLIPPERS.”“Real1y?”thegirltookofftheslippersandcarriedtheminherhands,“ThenIwillgoinbarefootedly.”“Oh,mygod!”theticket-examinercriedout,“Fortunately,IhavenottoldherNOADMISSIONWITHAVEST.”④A：WhathashappenedtoJane?Sheiscrying.B：Shebrokethedining-roomwindow.Shehastofacethemusicwhenherfathergetshome.⑤Mr.Oddsworksinabankandlivesonhisown.Theonlyfamilyhehasisinthenexttown:hissisterlivestherewithherhusband,andherson,Mark.LastweekMr.Oddshadasurprise.Hedrovehomefromthebankattheusualtime,drivingneithertooslowlynortoofast;heparkedhiscarwherehealwaysparkedit,outofthewayofothercars,andhewentinsidetomakehiseveningmeal.Straightaway,therewasaknockatthedoor.Mr.Oddsopenedthedoor,tofindapolicemanstandingonthedoorstep.“WhathaveIdonewrong?”Mr.Oddsaskedhimself.“HaveIdrivenonthewrongsideoftheroad?Hastherebeensometroubleatthebank?HaveIforgottentopayanimportantbill?”“Hello,Uncle,”saidthepoliceman,“Myname’sMark.”⑥Youshouldhaveputthemilkintoicebox;Iexpectitundrinkablebynow.A．becameB．hadbecomeC．hasbecomeD．becomes※第二种现在完成时态使用技巧1、这种完成时态的肯定句不与“一段时间”的时间状语连用常见的这类动词有：come,go,leave,kill,die,lose,buy,start,give,marry,join,bring,etc.），因此与它连用的时间状语不能是指“一段时间”。①IhaveheardfrommygirlfriendsinceIcametoAmerica.（×）②Ihaveboughtthispairofshoesforayear．（×）③Hehaslefthishometownfor3years.（×）这种错误句子的改正有多种方式：①Helefthishometown3yearsago.②It’s3yearssincehelefthishometown.③Hehasn’tcomebacksincehelefthishometown3yearsago.④Hehasbeenawayfromhishometownfor3years.不过，终止性动词的完成时态若用否定式，表示尚未发生的事情，则可作为一种状态，从而可以表示延续。①Beggar：Madam,Ihaven’tseenapieceofmeatforweeks.Lady：Mary,pleaseshowthispoormanthehamweboughtjustnow.②Ihaven’tseenafilmforweeks.③Ihaven’theardfrommygirlfriendsinceIcametoAmerica.④Ihaven’tboughtapairofshoesforayear.⑵与不确定时间的时间状语连用这种现在完成时态可以不与任何时间状语连用，也可以同一些表示不确定的时间状语连用，如：already(已经),yet(只用在疑问句或否定句中),lately(最近),often,just(刚刚，方才),never(从不，从未发生过)等。例如：①A：Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?B：No,thanks.I’vejusthaddinner.②TheleadingexpertonsleepinAmericaclaimsthathehasneverseenasleepwalker.③Hasitstoppedrainingyet?④Hehasn’tarrivedyet.⑤Hehasalreadyarrived.⑥Ihaveoftenthoughtthatitwouldbeperfectifwecouldflywithoutanyaid.⑶具有“新闻”性质①ThePresidenthasbeenassassinated.②Hecan’tgoonholidaybecausehehasbrokenhisleg.请认真体会下面对话：①A：Haveyouseenthefilm“ForrestGump”?B：Yes,Ihave.A：Whendidyouseeit?B：Isawitlastspring.A：Didyouseeitalone?B：No,Isawitwithmyboyfriend.②A：ThePresidenthasbeenassassinated.B：Really?Whendidthathappen?A：Hewaskilledlastnightwhenhespokeincrowd.③A：IhearthatfamousChinesecomedianhasdied.B：Really?Whendidshedie?A：Shewasdeadlatelastnight.④A：Hasthebosscomeyet?B：Yes,hehas.Heisinhisofficenow.A：Whendidhecome?B：Hecameat9o’clock.Heaskedaboutyou.3、现在完成时态用法（三）：到目前的一个时间段内重复发生的动作①Formorethaneightyyears,scientistshavearguedoverwhetherlifeexistsontheplanetMars.②Marytoldherfriendaboutherhusband’spoormemory.“Myhusbandislosinghismemory.ButIcan’tcomplain.Ihavehadthreebirthdaysthisyear.”③Wehavetakenthreetestssofarthisweek.④IhavemademanynewfriendssinceIcametoBeijing.⑤Ihavewrittenmygirlfriendsonehundredl