Jews

SomethingAboutJews•TheJews,whoseancestorsareHebrews(希伯来人),originatedfromtheArabianpeninsulanomads,belongtotheSumerian（闪密特人）,akinship（亲属关系）withArabsnear.•MainJewishfaith•Theiroriginsdatebackatleast3,000years,andperhapsevenfurther.Duringthislengthy(冗长的)periodJewshavesettledinallpartsoftheworldandhavehadanimpactonmanycivilizations.KnowledgeofthehistoryoftheJewsandtheirculturecontributestoadeeperunderstandingofthehistoryoftheWesternworldanditsspirituallife.HistoryOfTheJewsIsrael‘shave12sons,originallyformedtwelveteamsinPalestinianseparation,laterunitedintoonecountry,whichiscalledKingdomofJudah.ThentheKingdomofIsraelwereshortlydestroyedbyAssyrian（亚述人）.KingdomofJudahhadstillinsistedonforhundredsofyears,butfinallywereconqueredbyBabylonempire.PeoplewerecarriedtoBabylonandbecameslaves.AfterthePersianempiredestroyedBabylon.TheJewswereallowedbacktorebuildthetempleofJerusalem(耶路撒冷),theghetto（犹太人区）,latersuccessivelybelongtoGreeceandRomanempire.HistoryofJewsJesusdiedshortlyaftertheJewsuprisingagainsttheRomans,Jerusalemwasbreached（攻破)byRomanarmy,templeswerebrokendown,andtheJewswereforcedtofleetotheworld,claimsfortheJewsthemselves.WhentheJewslivedinallovertheworld,theirlanguage,customsgraduallyinfluencedbythelocal,althoughtheyinsistbeliefofthenationalityreligion.Thefaithofdifferenceshaveconstantlybeenusedforyearsjustfordeepcomplexpolitical,economic,andsocialcontextinEurope,causingtheJewsdiscriminationinEuropeancountriesforalongtime.The20thcentury,EuropepersecutedtheJewsinbigGermanempireperiodtoreachthetop,andhappenedtodestroyabout600millionJewsand2000culturalhistoryofJews.In1948,Israelisestablishedafternearly2,000yearsfromRomandestroyJerusalem.ItisthefirstJewishstate,andartificial(人为的)reuseoralHebrew（希伯来语）.ButIsrael'splaceisinthePalestinianterritories,whichcausefiercefightwiththelocalsettledalreadyalongtime.MiddleEastastheworld'shotspots,makenearly90millionJewspreviouslyliveinArabcountriesintrouble.Intothe21stcentury,theUnitedStatesandIsraelisthemainplacewhereJewsconcentrated.NOWFeaturecolorJewshavebeenonthetrampallovertheworldfornearly2000years.Theyweremarriedwiththelocal,whichmadetheircolordifferent.JewsIdentityReligion,ethnicidentity,andlanguagehaveallplayedimportantrolesinmaintainingJewishidentity.BecauseJudaismrelatedtosomanyaspectsoflife,includingthoseconsideredsecular(长期的)inothercultures,beingaJewledtoastronggrouporethnicidentity.Forexample,theHebrew（希伯来）Bible(knowntoChristiansastheOldTestament(遗嘱))laiddowndietary(饭食的)lawsandindicatedwhichfoodswereconsideredkosher(fit)forconsumption.Jewsalsohadtheirownwrittenlanguage,Hebrew,anddistinctspokenlanguagesdeveloped.ThebestknownofthesespokenlanguagesisYiddish（依地语）,whichisbasedontheGermanlanguage.Anti-Semitism(反犹太主义)Anti-Semitismremainsaconcerninallcornersoftheworld.IntheUnitedStatesmanyobserversregardedthenominationofU.S.senatorJosephLieberman—thefirstOrthodox（正统的）JewtorunforthevicepresidencyoftheUnitedStatesonamajorpartyticket—asasignofdiminished（减少）anti-Semitism.However,nooneknowswhereJewishlifeisheaded.Jewswillcontinuetowrestlewith（努力克服）age-oldconcernsofreligiouspiety（虔诚）aswellaswithnewpoliticalandculturalconcerns.Jewsmustdealwithunprecedented（空前的）levelsofassimilation（同化）.Insomepartsoftheworld,moreJewsaremarryingoutsidetheJewishcommunitythanwithinit.TheimpactthiswillhaveonJewishlifeisnotyetknown.IsraelwillsoonbecomethelargestcenterofJewishpopulationintheworld,evenasitstrugglestocometotermswiththePalestiniansinandaroundit.Here,too,theimpactremainsunknown.Thecontemporarysituationisoneofflux(涨潮),amid(在…中)enormouscommunal（公共的）tensions.How,orwhether,thesetensionsareresolvedremainstobedetermined.WorldWarIIandtheHolocaust(大屠杀)TheriseofNationalSocialism(Nazism)inGermanyforeverchangedthehistoryoftheJews.ImmediatelyafterHitlerbecameGermanchancellor(长官，大臣)in1933,theNazigovernmentsetouttorollback（击退）theemancipation(解放)ofJews,depriving（剥夺）Jewsofbasiccivilrights,denyingthemaccesstojobs,establishingboycottsofJewishbusinesses,andpurging(清洗)thecivilserviceanduniversitiesofJews.Thesemeasuresturnedouttobeamereprelude(前奏)tothedestructionthatfollowedduringWorldWarII.Eventuallytheregime（政体）directeditsambitionstowardconquestofallEurope,andduringthewaritnearlysucceeded:MuchofEuropecameunderGermanoccupation.TheGermanoccupyingforcesbegantheprocessofexterminatingEuropeanJews.Theso-calledfinalsolutionwasthedeportation(放逐)ofJewstodeathcamps.TheNazisandtheircollaborators（合作者）killedalmost6millionJews,reducingthepopulationofJewsinEurope(9.6millionbeforethewar)bynearlytwo-thirds.Theywipedoutmorethan90percentofthe3millionJewsofPolandandkilledsimilarpercentagesintheBalticstates（波罗的海诸国）.FamousPersonEinsteinNeumannArthurKornbergAnnieAlexanderFlemingHowardFlorey市场营销2班吕雪琪20090225