常耀信版-美国文学简史-William-Faulkner1

TheSouthernRenaissance&WilliamFaulknerAmericansouthernliteraturecandatebacktoEdgarAllenPoe,andreachitssummitwiththeappearanceofthetwo“giants”–FaulknerandWolfe.Therearesouthernwomenwriters–KatherineAnnePorter凯瑟琳.安.波特,EudoraWelty尤朵拉·韦尔蒂,andFlanneryO’Connor弗兰纳里·奥康诺.TheSouthernRenaissanceI.HeritageFeaturesofSouthernliteraturepriortothisrenaissance---focusonhistoricalromancesabouttheLostCauseoftheConfederateStatesofAmerica.---glorifiedtheheroismoftheConfederatearmyandcivilianpopulationduringtheCivilWarandthesupposedlyidyllicculturethatexistedintheSouthbeforethewar(knownastheAntebellumSouth).TheSouthernRenaissancewasthereinvigorationofAmericanSouthernliteraturethatbeganinthe1920sand1930swiththeappearanceofwriterssuchasWilliamFaulkner,Wolfe,TennesseeWilliams,etc.ThreemajorthemesinSouthernRenaissance---theburdenofhistoryinaplacewheremanypeoplestillrememberedslavery,reconstruction,andadevastatingmilitarydefeat.---focusontheSouth'sconservativeculture,specificallyonhowanindividualcouldexistwithoutlosingasenseofidentityinaregionwherefamily,religion,andcommunityweremorehighlyvaluedthanone'spersonalandsociallife.---theSouth'stroubledhistoryinregardstoracialissues.TheSouthernRenaissance•TheSouthernRenaissanceisfeaturedinitsuniquefeelingofguilt,failureandpovertyaswell.•SouthernMyths•a.Chevalierheritage(骑士精神的传承)•b.Agrarianvirtue（土地的价值）•c.Plantationaristocracy（种植园主）•d.Lostcause（注定要失败的势力）•e.Whitesupremacy（白人至上）•f.Purityofwomanhood（女人的纯洁）WilliamFaulkner---Oneofthegreatestwriterin20thcentury---initiatorofSouthernRenaissance---oneofthemostinfluentialmodernistnovelwritersinthewestWilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)WilliamFaulknerwasbornonSeptember25,1897andbegantowritepoetryasateenager.DuringWorldWarI,hejoinedtheCanadianRoyalFlyingCorpsbutneverfought;thedayhegraduatedfromtheFlyingCorps,theArmisticewassigned.TheonlywarinjuryhereceivedwastheresultofgettingdrunkandpartyingtoohardonArmisticeDay,whereinheinjuredhisleg.FaulknerinHollywoodIntheuniversityofVirginiacampusWilliamFaulkner:NobelPrizeAcceptanceSpeech---Ifeelthatthisawardwasnotmadetomeasaman,buttomywork--alife'sworkintheagonyandsweatofthehumanspirit,notforgloryandleastofallforprofit,buttocreateoutofthematerialsofthehumanspiritsomethingwhichdidnotexistbefore.---我感觉，这个奖不是授予我这个人，而是授予我的工作，它是对我呕心沥血、毕生从事的人类精神探索的工作的肯定。我的这项工作不为名，更不图利，而是要从人类精神的原始素材里创造出前所未有的东西。threestages(1)1924~1929:trainingasawriterTheMarbleFaun《大理石雕像》Soldier’sPay《士兵的报酬》Mosquitoes《蚊群》(2)1929~1936:mostproductiveandprolificperiodSartoris《萨托里斯》TheSoundandtheFury《喧哗与骚动》AsILayDying《在我弥留之际》LightinAugust《八月之光》Absalom,Absalom《押沙龙，押沙龙！》literarycareer:Faulkner'smostcelebratednovelsTheSoundandtheFury(1929)书名的典故出自莎士比亚悲剧《麦克白》第5幕第5场麦克白的有名台词：“人生如痴人说梦，充满着喧哗与骚动，却没有任何意义。”多角度的叙述方法“意识流”手法“神话模式”手法(3)1940~end:wonrecognitioninAmericaGoDown,Moses《去吧，摩西》HisShortstorycollection•These13(1931),《这十三篇》includesmanyofhismostacclaimed(andmostfrequentlyanthologized)stories,includingARoseforEmily,RedLeaves,ThatEveningSun,andDrySeptember.《献给爱米丽的玫瑰》、《红叶》、《夕阳》和《干燥的九月》Yoknapatawpha约克纳帕塔法YoknapatawphaCounty:---AcountyinnorthernMississippi,thesettingformostofWilliamFaulkner’snovelsandshortstories,andpatterneduponFaulkner’sactualhomeinLafayetteCounty,Mississippi.“约克纳帕塔法世系”这个“世系”以美国南方几个庄园主世家的荣辱兴衰为主线，表现了一个世纪以来美国南方社会的历史命运、社会变迁以及各阶层人物的起伏沉浮，写出了美国南方地区的典型特征，具有浓厚的乡土气息。MajorThemesofhisWorks•1.historyandrace•Heexplainsthepresentbyexaminingthepast,bytellingthestoriesofseveralgenerationsoffamilytoshowhowhistorychangeslife.•Hewasinterestedintherelationshipbetweenblacksandwhites,especiallyconcernedabouttheproblemsofthepeoplewhowereofthemixedraceofblackandwhite,unacceptabletobothraces.•2.Deterioration•3.Conflictsbetweengenerations,classes,races,manandenvironment•4.Horror,violenceandtheabnormal•虽然福克纳的世界观从本质上说是传统保守的，他在形式与技巧上的创新都是令人兴奋的。他大胆和不倦地探索，而且在绝大多数的情况下都取得了成功。多样性与丰富性是他的特点。他是一个有独创性的人。在美国文学中能和他比肩的还没有第二个人。FeaturesofHisWorksInventionandexperimentationinformandnarrativetechnique•Amanwithgreatmightofinventionandexperimentation.•Novelasanartform;evolvedhisownliterarystrategies.•Primaryduty:exploreandrepresenttheinfinitepossibilitiesinherentinhumanlife.•Writershouldobservewithnojudgmentwhatsoeverandreduceauthorialintrusiontothelowestminimum.Narrativetechniques•Neverstepbetweenthecharactersandthereadertoexplain,butletthecharactersexplainthemselvesandhinderaslittleaspossiblethereader’sdirectexperienceoftheworkofart.•Themostcharacteristicwayofstructuringhisstoriesistofragmentthechronologicaltime.Juxtaposethepastwiththepresent.Narrativetechniques•stream-of-consciousnesstechnique:toemphasizethereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrator.•theinteriormonologue:toexplorethenatureofhumanconsciousness•presentingmultiplepointsofview,gavethestoryacircularform,oneeventiscentered,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit,ordifferentpeoplerespondingtothesamestory.•symbolismandmythologicalandbiblicalallusionFeaturesofHisWorks•a.complexplot•b.streamofconsciousness•c.characterization:hewasabletoprobeintothepsychologyofcharacters•d.violationofchronology•e.formallanguage•f.multiplepointofview,circularformAchievemen