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高中语法非谓语动词之动词不定式讲解---崔玲2012.7.6非谓语动词之动词不定式•动词不定式的语法功能•动词不定式的省略•动词不定式的否定式•动词不定式主动表示被动•动词不定式高考链接动词不定式的简介动词不定式是由to+动词原形组成,是动词的非谓语形式。它可以带宾语,构成动词不定式短语,在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用,因此在句中可以充当谓语以外的任何成分,即主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、主补和同位语。一、动词不定式的语法功能(1)动词不定式(短语)作主语Toloveistobeloved.爱别人就是被人爱Toteachistogive.教育就是奉献※注意:1)在口语中,动词不定式作主语时常用it做形式主语,而真正的主语则被置于句子的后面。Itwilltakesmethreehourstodothisjob.Itisofgreatimportancetosolvethehousingproblem.动词不定式做主语2)假如动词不定式要带逻辑主语。则需介词of或for来引导。Itisgoodformetohaveatalkwithyou.Itiscruelofmantokillanimalsinsuchacasualmanner.总结:能用于介词of的结构的形容词有:good,kind,bad,wicked,clever,wise,foolish,stupid,selfless——主观感情或态度能用于介词for的结构的形容词有:important,necessary,impossible,better——客观情况3)在疑问句或感叹句中要用it来做主语例如:Isitworthourwhiletoholdsuchalongmeeting?WhatgoodnewsitisformetohearthatmybrotherhasgothisvisatoAmerica!(2)动词不定式作宾语Shedecidedtoquitherjobatlast.Ihopetoseeyousoon....※注意:1)在以下动词后只能跟动词不定式作宾语:afford,agree,aim,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expectfail,hope,manage,plan,refuse等2)在should(would)like,love,prefer等之后必须用动词不定式(短语)。例如:Iwouldliketogiveyouabighand.3)在下列及物动词后一般可以跟“疑问词+动词不定式短语”advise,ask,decide,findout,instruct,know,forget,imagine,learn,例如:Idon'tknowwhattodo.(3)动词不定式做表语紧跟在系动词如:be,seem,remain,appear,get等词之后例:ThemostimportantthingfortheUnitedstatestodonowistorescuethewoulded.※注意:1)动词不定式作表语主动形式表示被动含义的结构有toblame,tolet,tofindout.Whoistoblame?Thehouseistolet.Suspectsarestilltofindout.2)beto含有按计划,按命令做的事情或应该、可能、注定发生的事情例:Wearetomeetonceaweek.我们按计划将一个月碰一次头。Whatistobedone?应该怎么办?Thekeyisnowheretobefound.可能(4)动词不定式作宾语补足语或在被动语态中作主语补足语例:We'dloveyoutogiveusahand.Hewasmadetorepairthebrokenchair.※注意:1)在一些动词后,作宾语补足语的动词不定式to要省略掉。这类动词包括感官动词和使役动词。如:see,hear,watch,have,make,let等。但如果句子是被动语态,动词不定式为主补时,要带to(let除外)Iheardhersingasonginthenextroomyesterday.2)有些动词后面的宾语补足语常是tobe,这样的动词有:believe,consider,find,imagine,konw,prove,suppose,understand等例:Iwillconsiderhimtobeanhonestman.Shewasbelievedtobeinnocent.3)下列动词不能跟“名词或者代词+动词不定式”结构admit,confess,demand,explain,hope,propose,suggest等。例:MymothersuggestedthatweshouldfinishourhomeworkbeforewatchingTV.Ihopedthatthebuswouldcomeearly.(5)动词不定式短语作定语:Whenthequestionwaswasout,hewasthefirsttoraisehishand.IamafraidIcannotattendyourparty,forIhavetoomanythingstodo.※注意:1)当修饰的是不定代词如:everything,anything,much,little等,或被修饰的名词前被形容词最高级,序数词,theonly等强调结构修饰时,非谓语动词作谓语只能用动词不定式。例:Hewasthelasttorealizetheimportanceofthisproblem.Doyouhaveanythingtoread?thefirsttoarrive2)如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语,且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词,则后面需跟成为搭配的介词名词或代词+不定式(to+不及物动词+介词)Whoisthemantotalkto?Heisatoughteachertodealwith.Ineedapentowritewith.特例:当是place,time,way时,介词可以省略Hehasnomoneyandnoplacetolive.Thereisnotimetothink.(6)动词不定式作状语:动词不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果原因等目的状语例:Thewholefamilycameouttomemyperforamnce.Hecalledtosaygoodbye.不定式和不定式短语作目的状语,主要用来修饰动词,表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时,还可以在前面加inorderto或soasto。例如:I'vewrittenitdowninordernottoforget.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.•在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语,表示的是主语的目的,因此,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。比较:Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.()Todrawmapsproperly,aspecialpenisneeded.()•由inorderto引导的目的状语,既可以置于句尾,也可以置于句首,而由soasto引导的目的状语,只能置于句尾,而不能置于句首。比较:Theystartedearlyinordertogetthereintime.()Inordertogetthereintime,theystartedearly.()Theystartedearlysoastogetthereintime.()Soastogetthereintime,theystartedearly.()√×√√×√结果状语:例:Werushedtotherailwaystationonlytofind(表示出乎意料)thetrainhadjustleft.Hestudiedhardonlytofail.ShewenttoSouthChinafiveyearsago,nevertoreturn.※注意:1)so...asto,such...asto,enoughto...以及too...to等结构中的动词不定式都表示结果。例:Thisbasketplayerissotallandstrongastobeagiant.这位篮球队员又高又壮,就像一个巨人。Iamtootiredtomove.Iamtoopleasedtoseeyouagain.Iamonlytoodelightedtoacceptthegift.2)在too...to结构中,后面的形容词是为ready,eager,anxious,apt,willing,glad,pleased等词时,动词不定式不再有否定的意思。too在此处可以理解成very的意思。例:Sheistooreadytohelp.她极其乐于帮助别人原因状语:动词不定式常跟在一些形容词后,说明产生这些情绪的原因。这类形容词有:happy,surprised,sorry,glad,eager等例:Iamsorrytointerruptyou.(7)动词不定式作独立成分这些短语有:tobeginwith,totellthetruth,tomakealongstoryshort,sotospeak,tobebrief,tobefrank,toconclude.例:Tobeginwith,I'liketointroducemyselftoyouall.(8)动词不定式作同位语,说明被修饰名词是具体内容例:Myhope,tobeadoctor,hasbeenrealized.二、动词不定式的省略1.在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than…,cannotbut,why(not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。如:You’dbettertellherthetruth.2.动词不定式短语作介词but,except,besides的宾语,且介词之前有动词do或其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。Mymothercoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.3.在某些感官动词或使役动词4.为了避免重复,在hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,mean,prefer,haveto,beableto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。MsKingliedtousbecauseshehadto.5.当不定式在ask,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,tell,expect,force,invite,beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号to,而把后面的动词省略.Shewantstocome,butherparentswon’tallowherto.Ifhedoesn’twanttogothere,don’tforcehimto.三、不定式的否定式其基本形式是nottodo,not必须置于整个不定式结构之前。Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatonlyfoodaftertheoperation.四、主动的形式表示被动:1.句中存在不定式的逻辑主语,构成逻辑上的主谓关系Themastergavehisdogafewbonestoeat.2.在“形容词+不定式”结构中,那么不定式多用主动语态常见形容词:hard,difficult,easy,fit,cheap,expensive,Thewaterisfittodrink.Thecouchiscomfortabletositon3.在therebe结构中,倾向于用不定式主动语态表示被动意义.Thereisalwaysmuchworktodointhehou
本文标题:高中语法非谓语动词之动词不定式讲解 (1)
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